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ABSTRAK Batik Indonesia secara resmi diakui oleh United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) pada tahun 2009 dan masuk dalam daftar representatif sebagai Budaya Tak Benda Warisan Manusia. Faktanya, industri kerajinan batik di Indonesia telah tumbuh dan berkembang sejak berabad-abad yang lalu. Saat ini, pembinaan pada Pengrajin Batik merupakan salah satu program kerja Dinas Perindustrian, Perdagangan, Koperasi, dan Usaha Kecil Menengah Provinsi DIY Seksi UKM dan termasuk dalam kategori kegiatan informal. Namun ironisnya hingga saat ini belum semua usaha-usaha ekonomi informal terjangkau oleh program-program pembinaan dan perlindungan yang berkesinambungan. Pengrajin Batik Tulis X merupakan salah satu UKM yang berada dibawah binaan Dinas Perindustrian, Perdagangan, Koperasi, dan UKM Provinsi D.I Yogyakarta. Berdasarkan pengamatan awal yang dilakukan pada Pengrajin Batik Tulis X, di wilayah Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta pada bulan Oktober 2011, Peneliti mendapati kondisi pembatik tulis melakukan pekerjaan membatik dalam posisi duduk dalam durasi kerja yang panjang, ± 6-8 jam per hari. Namun ironisnya, ruang dan peralatan kerja (kursi, gawangan dan posisi kompor) yang dipergunakan belum ergonomis yaitu belum adanya kesesuaian dengan antropometri tubuh orang Indonesia yang akhirnya mengharuskan pembatik bekerja dalam postur janggal. Dalam kurun waktu yang panjang hal ini dapat berakibat munculnya penyakit akibat kerja seperti cedera otot. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan perancangan ulang terhadap ruang dan peralatan kerja bagi pembatik tulis sehingga dapat meminimalisir kemungkinan risiko-risiko kesehatan yang mungkin muncul pada kemudian hari dengan berpedoman pada penerapan dimensi-dimensi tubuh antropometri orang Indonesia.
Abstract United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) officially recognized Batik Indonesia in 2009, and registered under culture themes of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Nevertheless, batik craft industry have grown and evolved since hundred years ago. Furthermore, one of work program of Cooperation Trade Industry and Small Medium Business Unit in Provincial Jogjakarta under Small Medium Business Section is to coach small and medium business of batik crafter, thus, it is categorized as informal activity. Unluckily, this informal activity which related to economic empowerment has not been covered by sustainable coaching and protecting program from local government. Hand-drawn Batik Craft Industry X is one of small medium business activiy under supervision of Cooperation Trade Industry and Small Medium Business Unit Provincial Jogjakarta. Based on preliminary observation Hand-drawn Batik Crafter Industry X in District of Bantul under Provincial Jogjakarta in October 2011, researcher captured the hand-drawn batik crafter while they worked, seating for long period 6-8 hours a day. In addition, work space and work tools used (work chair, gawangan and stove) are not in ergonomic condition, means that the work station and work tools are not suitable for body anthropometry of Indonesian people; consequently the hand-drawn batik crafter works in awkward posture. As a result of current working condition, it might significantly effect to hand-drawn batik crafter such as muscle injury. This research is aim to redesign of work station and tools by using ergonomic approach for hand-drawn batik crafter, so that the health effect could be minimized in the long term period; at once, work station and work tools should be adjusted with dimension of body anthropometry of Indonesian people.
Musculoskeletal complaints are still often found among batik-making workers, especially low back pain (LBP). This study aims to explain and analyze the risk factors for LBP, including physical, equipment, environmental, and individual factors. This study is a descriptive observational with a cross-sectional approach using total sampling technique in one of the Pekalongan batik houses. Data collection used REBA worksheets, NMQ, and related risk factor questionnaires. The results showed that all workers had felt complaints of LBP, both acute and chronic with varying frequencies. Four out of six activities were identified as having a high level of ergonomic risk (nyolet, nylerek, nglorot, and drying). The equipment (chairs, gawangan, and drying poles) had dimensional incompatibility with workers' anthropometry. Most of workers felt that the lighting and temperature of the workplace were comfortable but still felt complaints of LBP. It is suspected that women and high body mass index are more at risk of feeling LBP complaints with consideration of working conditions that require workers to sit for a long time. Modification need to be made to the chair (base height 36.7 cm; base length 38.6 cm; base width 47.1 cm; backrest height 56.3 cm), gawangan (height 111 cm), and drying pole (height 133.7), as well as administrative efforts such as installing stretching education posters and providing stretching time between jobs to minimize the incidence of LBP.
Health and Safety Executive found that in 2013/2014, about 526.000 from1.241.000 of work related disesease cases is musculoskeletal disorders. In 2014WHO fact sheet stated that 37% of work relaed disesase is back pain. US BLSstated that nurse is the worker who is with high prevelence. This research aims toobserve musculoskeletal symptoms of nurses who is in operating room byergonomic approaching. Ergonomic risk level was assessed by REBA (RapidEntire Body Assesment) method. This research design is observational with crosssectional. Respondent in this research is 8 nurses in operating room. The resultshowed that 100% of nurses got musculoskeletal symptoms after shift work,where the highest symptoms is in left and right calf (87.5%). Patient transferringactivity from operating table to bed is activity with high risk which potentiallycaused musculoskeletal symptoms. One of the important factor in musculoskeletalsymptoms of nurse in operating room is environment factor which is secure andcomfort for worker, tools, and its job.
Kegiatan pengoperasian SPBU kemungkinan berisiko kebakaran. Kebakaran di SPBU disebabkan oleh faktor kegagalan peralatan, kegagalan manajemen pengelolaan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja maupun kesalahan manusia. Kebakaran yang disebabkan oleh faktor kegagalan peralatan pada pengoperasian SPBU akan berdampak kepada pekerja, peralatan dan lingkungan sekitar yang menyebabkan kerugian bagi perusahaan dan masyarakat disekitamya. Kemungkinan te adinya diakibatkan kegagalan peralatan berupa kebocoran dan kemungkinan te adinya sumber panaslapi di SPBU dapat disebabkan karena: 1) pemeriksaan, pemasangan dan perawatan peralatan yang buruk menyebabkan kebocoran BBM; 2) terjadinya arus pendek dan/atau listrik statis sehingga menimbulkan panas. Analisa resiko dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor - faktor yang dapat menimbulkan kebakaran terhadap peralatan yang digunakan pada kegiatan pembongkaran (unloading) dan kegiatan penyaluran (loading) Bahan Bakar Minyak di SPBU.Penelitian ini bersifat deskriftif kualitatif, karena penelitian ini memberikan gambaran tentang faktor-faktor yang dapat menyebabkan kegagalan peralatan SPBU. Analisa resiko ini dilakukan dengan perhitungan faktor-faktor kemungkinan dan konsekuensi, selanjutnya dilakukan analisis terhadap konsekuensi yang dapat menimbulkan kerugian pada kegiatan SPBU. Kegiatan pembongkaran BBM (unloading) memiliki peralatan fillpot, selang bongkar, tangki pendam dan venting valve dengan kemungkinan kegagalan yang menyebabkan terjadinya uap hidrokarbon dari tumpahan BBM dan sumber panas/api dari listrik statis. Pada kegiatan pembongkaran BBM di SPBU "X" memiliki kemungkinan te adi kebakaran dengan kerugian finansial terendah sebesar (>Rp 100.000 - Rp 100.000.000) dan kerugian tertinggi sebesar Rp 17.200.000.000 (> Rp 10.000.000.000). Sehingga diperoleh nilai risiko 4 (untuk konsekuensi sedang) atau termasuk ke dalam low risk dan nilai risiko 8 (untuk konsekuensi sangat tinggi) atau termasuk ke dalam medium risk. Kemungkinan kebakaran pada kegiatan penyaluran BBM (loading) memiliki peralatan nozel, selang dispenser, pampa dispenser dan pipa hisap yang dengan kemungkinan kegagalan yang menyebabkan terjadinya uap hidrokarbon BBM dan adanya sumber panas/api dari listrik statis dan/atau arus pendek. Kemungkinan kebakaran pada SPBU "X" berada pada level rendah (tingkat 1). Dengan kisaran konsekuensi kenugian finansial terendah sebesar Rp1.300 (
Kata kunci :Musculoskeletal Disorders, keluhan, pengrajin tempe
Workers of tempe factory in Desa Citeureup had a risk to experiencemusculoskeletal disorders complaints that derived from the process of working.The aim of this study is to obtain a description of musculoskeletal disorderscomplaints. The subject of the study was 15 workers in three places, and themethod used was observational descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Theresult showed that the process of working in the manufacture of tempe have highlevel of ergonomics risk. There were 4 (four) activities from 10 (ten) that havehigh risk level. The most dominant complaints most dominant from the workerswere stiff. The factory was suggested to improve body posture to minimizemusculoskletal disorders complaints and ergonomic risk factor.
Key words :Musculoskeletal Disorders, complaints, workers of tempe factory.
Tesis ini membahas tentang desain ergonomi bagi penyandang cacat lumpuh ekstremitas bawah di ruang pemeriksaan Puskesmas X, Y, Z Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2011 dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis desain ergonomi pada penyandang cacat. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Kajian dan analisis desain ergonomi bagi penyandang cacat lumpuh ekstremitas bawah dilakukan dengan triangulasi untuk membanding hasil data observasi, wawancara mendalam dan ceklist serta pengukuran dengan mengacu standar Undang-Undang Kecacatan Amerika Serikat, yaitu Disability of Discimination with Act Tahun 1990 (ADA, 1990). Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa variabel bentuk, dimensi, layout, aktivitas, postur dapat menyebabkan postur janggal dan ketidaknyaman karena adanya desain ruang pemeriksaan di Tiga Puskesmas yang dibawah standar Undang-Undang ADA Tahun 1990. Kata Kunci: Penyandang Cacat, Ergonomi, Antropometri, Ruang Pemeriksaan, Puskesmas
The focus of this study is the design ergonomics for lower extrimitas disabled people in the examination room Health Center X, Y and Z South Tangerang City in 2011. The aim is analyze the ergonomic design of the disabled. This study is descriptive research using qualitative methods. Assessment and analysis of ergonomic design done by triangulation to compare the results of observational data, in-depth interviews and checklist as well as measurements with standard reference Disability Act United States, namely of Discimination with Disability Act of 1990 (ADA, 1990). The results revealed that the variable shape, dimensions, layout, activity, posture and awkward postures could cause discomfort because of the design of the examination room in the three health centers under the standard ADA Act of 1990. Key words: Disabled Person, Triangulation, Ergonomic, Anthropometry, Health Care