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Batam City is the largest contributor to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) cases in the Riau Islands. One of the biggest challenges in the transmission of dengue fever in Batam City is the existence of shophouses and slum areas that are not intended for use (squatters). The aim of this research was to develop a model for controlling dengue fever in shophouses and squatter environments in Batam City. This research was quantitative analytical research with an ecological study approach. The research period started from August 2022 - May 2023. The population and samples for spatial analysis were 44 sub-districts and for statistical tests were 767 dengue fever with 88 samples. The results of the analysis showed that variables which were risk factors include vector density (shophouses: OR=6,2, squatters: OR=11,2), population mobility (shophouses: OR=6,2, squatters: OR=6,5), temperature (shophouses: OR=6,0, squatters: OR=7,3), rainfall (shophouses: OR=6,5, squatters: OR=8,4), humidity (shophouses: OR=7,1, squatters: OR=5,7), and house construction (shophouses: OR=5,0). The output of this research was the GWR model which showed that the variables Squatters Proportion, Temperature, Vector Density and Population Density had a significant effect on the number of dengue fever cases in Batam City (R2=77.13%). The model for controlling dengue fever that can be implemented are dengue management based on niche, including regional regulations requiring arranging used goods around squatters and empowering school children in eradicating larvae.
Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan salah satu penyakit menular yang dapat menimbulkan KLB. menimbulkan kekhawatiran di masyarakat. Kota Banda Aceh merupakan salah satu daerah endemis DBD di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, dengan jumlah kasus cenderung meningkat, untuk itu diperlukan alokasi anggaran yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dana untuk program pemberantasan DBD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi pendanaan bersumber Pemerintah yang dialokasikan untuk program pemberantasan DBD Tahun 2007 berdasarkan sumber, alokasi anggaran dan komitmen pejabat terkait serta perhitungan kebutuhan dana program pemberantasan DBD dengan costing ABC. Desain Penelitian ini adalah penelitian operasional. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam dengan pejabat terkait, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari dokumen keuangan dan laporan kegiatan. Hasil analisis pendanaan program pemberantasan DBD diperoleh gambaran bahwa pendanaan program pemberantasan DBD tahun 2007 bersumber APBD alokasi anggaran sebelum perubaban Rp.270.925.000, karena terjadinya lonjakan kasus DBD tahun 2007, alokasi anggaran berubah menjadi Rp. 1.916.925.000. Menurut elemen kegiatan program pemberantasan DBD, alokasi dana paling banyak untuk kegiatan fogging. Berdasarkan fungsi program, kegiatan preventif mempunyai alokasi terbesar. Berdasarkan mata anggaran, alokasi terbesar adalah kegiatan operasional, yaitu untuk pengadaan bahan kimia dan honor petugas. Berdasarkan perhitungan costing ABC kebutuhan dana untuk program pemberantasan DBD adalah Rp.2.246.578.461. Turunnya anggaran program pemberantasan DBD pada tahun 2007 adalah pada Bulan Mei, sedangkan kasus DBD sudah ada sejak Bulan Januari. Jumlah kasus tetap meningkat sejak Bulan Mei sampai November. Anggaran Biaya Tambaban (ABT) turun pada Bulan November, pada Bulan Desember kasus DBD turun drastis. Dari hasil wawancara mendalam dengan penentu kebijakan dan pelaksana program, permasaalahan DBD merupakan salah satu prioritas permasalahan yang perlu ditanggulangi segera,namun komitmen tersebut tidak diikuti oleh alokasi anggaran pada tahun 2007. Pemerintah Daerah perlu meningkatkan alokasi anggaran program pemberantasan DBD sesuai kebutuhan program dengan melakukan mobilisasi dana dari berbagai sumber dengan mempertimbangkan kemampuan APBD Kota. Hal ini perlu ditunjang dengan upaya advokasi yang lebih efektif dan Dinas Kesehatan Kota Banda Aeeh dengan penyampaian data permasalahan yang lebih akurat disertai dengan perhitungan keuangan berdasarkan kebutuhan.
Dengue haemorraghic fever (DHF) is one of communicable diseases that may lead to outbreak, makes community concerned. Banda Aceh City is one of endemiC areas of DHF in the Province of Nunggroe Aceh Darussalam that the number of case tends to increase. Therefore, it is needed an appropriate budget allocation with the need of fund for DHF eradication program. The study was aimed to obtain the information about funding came from the government that allocated to DHF eradication program in 2007 according to the source, budget allocation, and commitment of related leaders as well as the fund need calculation of DHF eradication program using ABC costing. The study design was operational study. Data used in this study were primary and secondary data. Primary data was originated from in-depth interview with related leaders while secondary data was gained from financial documents and program reports. The result of funding analysis of DHF eradication program showed that budget allocation program from APBD in 2007 before the budget challge was IDR 270,925,000. By reason of the illerease of DHF case in 2007, the budget allocation became IDR 1,916,925,000. According to the element of DHF eradication program, the bighest budget allocation was for fogging. According to the program function, preventive action has the largest allocation. While according to budget line item, operational activity especially for cbemical material procurement and staff wages had the largest allocation. Based on ABC costing calculation, the fund needed to DHF eradication program was IDR 2,246,578,461 In 2007, the budget of DHF eradication program was given away in May. However, DHF cases had been existing since January. Number of cases inclined from April to November. Additional cost budget came out in November but in December the number of DHF cases became low drastically. From the interview conducted towards the decision makers and operational staffs, DHF matter was one of problems that should be overcome immediately. However, the commitment they made was not in line withy the the budget allocation in 2007. Local government should increase the budget allocation of DHF eradication program appropriate to the program need by conducting fund mobilization from many sources by considerating the ability of its APBD. It should be supported by advocacy effort more effective from the Banda Aceh City Health Office to submit data accurately and also to calculate the financial based on the need.
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Meskipun Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 2030 untuk angka kematian balita telah tercapai, angka kematian neonatal di Indonesia tetap tinggi, dengan lebih 70.000 kematian neonatal di tahun 2018, yang menempatkan Indonesia di peringkat ke-8 secara global. Hal ini merupakan tantangan besar untuk mencapai visi "Indonesia Emas 2045". Meskipun berbagai intervensi termasuk sari sisi finansial dalam akses pelayanan kesehatan telah meningkatkan pemanfaatan layanan, tdaik sertamerta ditunjukkan dalam bentuk peningkatan status kesehatan neonatal, menunjukkan adanya masalah sistemik dan kualitas pelayanan. Studi ini menelaan faktor determinan yang kompleks terhadap status kesehatan neonatal di Indonesia, termasuk dari sisi penerapan desentralisasi kesehatan, disparitas sosial ekonomi, dan variasi geografis. Dengan mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor ini, studi ini menekankan kebutuhan mendesak peningkatan pelayanan maternal dan neonatal dalam memperbaiki ketimpangan maupun meningkatkan status kesehatan secara keseluruhan.
Metode: Menggunakan data survei nasional tahun 2018 dari 34 provinsi, 513 kabupaten/kota, dan 300.000 rumah tangga, dengan fokus pada 73.086 perempuan berusia 10-54 tahun yang melahirkan dalam lima tahun terakhir, kami mengeksplorasi bagaimana faktor individu, rumah tangga, kabupaten, dan provinsi memengaruhi hasil kesehatan neonatal. Studi ini mengintegrasikan regresi multilevel, indeks konsentrasi, dan regresi spasial untuk menilai dampak determinan sosial dan ketidaksetaraan sistemik menggunakan STATA 14.0 dan ArcGIS Pro3. Analisis kebijakan sederhana yang selaras dengan tujuh pilar sistem kesehatan nasional juga dilakukan untuk menjelaskan lebih lanjut disparitas dalam hasil kesehatan.
Hasil: Studi ini mengungkapkan, meskipun sebagian besar dapat dicegah, angka kematian neonatal tetap tinggi dengan disparitas yang signifikan. Melalui analisis regresi multilevel dan spasial, dibuktikan bahwa disparitas kesehatan neonatal dipengaruhi oleh status sosial ekonomi, lokasi geografis, dan akses terhadap layanan kesehatan. Pada model akhir, yang menggabungkan faktor tingkat individu dan komunitas, varians yang tidak terjelaskan berkurang sebesar 30% (PCV), dimana faktor komunitas masih menjelaskan 14% variabilitas (ICC = 0,1389). Variabilitas risiko tingkat komunitas menurun yang terlihat dari perubahan Median Odds Ratio (MOR) dari 2,28 menjadi 2,00. Hasil ini menekankan pentingnya faktor individu dan komunitas dalam upaya mengurangi risiko lanjut dari bayi lahir yang berisiko.
Studi ini menekankan pengaruh kesiapan sisi suplai dan kualitas pelayanan termasuk efektivitas antenatal dan kelahiran di fasilitas kesehatan dalam meningkatkan hasil kesehatan neonatal, meskipun banyak kelahiran masih terjadi di luar fasilitas kesehatan. Neonatus lebih berisiko secara signifikan terkonsentrasi di distrik dengan kapasitas fiskal lebih rendah, sementara pemeriksaan antenatal lebih tinggi di kabupaten yang lebih kaya, menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan alokasi sumber daya. Temuan ini menunjukkan pentingnya kebijakan kesehatan yang spesifik, memperhatikan kondisi local dalam menurunkan kesenjangan dan meningkatkan status kesehatan.
ABSTRACT
Background. Despite achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals for reducing under-5 mortality, Indonesia's Neonatal Mortality Rate remains alarmingly high, with over 70,000 neonatal deaths in 2018, ranking it 8th globally. This situation poses a stark challenge to Indonesia's "Great Indonesia 2045" vision. Notably, while interventions to eliminate financial barriers to healthcare have increased service utilization, improvements in neonatal health outcomes have not followed, highlighting systemic and quality issues within the health sector. This study addresses the complex determinants of neonatal outcomes in Indonesia, including the effects of a decentralized health system, socioeconomic disparities, and geographic variations. By exploring these factors, it underscores the urgent need to enhance maternal and neonatal services to rectify inequities and improve overall health outcomes.
Methods: We analyzed 2018 national survey data from 34 provinces, 513 districts, and 300,000 households, focusing on 73,086 women aged 10-54 who had given birth in the preceding five years. We explored how individual, household, district, and provincial factors influence neonatal health outcomes by employing multilevel regression, concentration indices, and spatial regression to assess the impact of social determinants and systemic inequalities using tools like STATA 14.0 and ArcGIS Pro 3. A simplified policy analysis, aligned with the national health system's seven pillars, including community initiatives, was also conducted to further highlight disparities in health outcomes.
Results: Key findings reveal a neonatal mortality rate that, despite being preventable in many cases, remains high with significant disparities. Utilizing spatial and multilevel regression analyses, the research highlighted that neonatal health disparities are influenced by socioeconomic status, geographic location, and access to health services. The final model, incorporating both individual and community-level factors, reduced unexplained variance by 30% (PCV), with community factors still explaining 14% of the variability (ICC = 0.1600). The community-level risk variability also decreased, as shown by a reduction in the Median Odds Ratio (MOR) from 2.28 to 2.00. These results highlight the importance of targeting both individual and community factors to reduce the risk of babies being born at risk.
Additionally, the study underscores the influences of supply-side readiness and quality of service delivery including effectiveness of antenatal care and institutional delivery in improving neonatal health outcomes, although many births still occur outside of health facilities. High-risk neonates were found to be concentrated significantly in districts with lower fiscal capacity, while antenatal care checkups were predominantly higher in wealthier districts, pointing to a resource allocation gap. These findings point to the critical need for targeted health policies, local-specific interventions to bridge the equity gap and improve neonatal health outcomes.
