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Beberapa studi menunjukkan adanya penurunan rata-rata usia menarche di seluruh dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Rata-rata usia menarche wanita di Amerika menurun sebesar 0,9 tahun dari tahun 1920 hingga 1980an (McDowell, 2007). Berdasarkan survei nasional pada tahun 1992 – 1995 rata-rata usia menarche remaja putri di Indonesia adalah 12,96 tahun dengan prevalensi menarche dini sebesar 10,3 % dan menarche terlambat sebesar 8,8 % (Batubara, 2010). Faktor determinan dari menarche dini dan menarche terlambat adalah status gizi, lemak tubuh, asupan makronutrien, asupan mikronutrien, sosial ekonomi, rangsangan psikis, hormonal, umur menarche ibu, outcome kelahiran, dan aktivitas fisik. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Riskesdas tahun 2010 dan mengikutsertakan 5358 remaja putri (10-19 tahun) diseluruh wilayah Indonesia sebagai populasi eligible. Studi ini menggunakan metode penarikan sampel non simple random sampling, strata, dan cluster sehingga menggunakan desain complex sample dalam analisisnya. Analisis model akhir menggunakan regresi logistik multinomial. Pada hasil multivariat, faktor risiko untuk menarche dini adalah kegemukan/obesitas (POR 3.03, 95% CI 2.39-3.83), hormonal banyak (POR 1.57, 95% CI 1.21-2.05), umur menarche ibu cepat (POR 1.74, 95 % CI 1.39 – 2.19) dan jumlah anak dalam keluarga sedikit (POR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.21-2.23). Sementara itu faktor protektif untuk menarche dini adalah asupan energi kurang (POR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.56-0.94). Faktor risiko untuk menarche terlambat adalah usia menarche ibu yang lambat (POR 2.1 95 % CI 1.68-2.61). Sementara itu faktor protektif untuk menarche terlambat adalah kegemukan/obesitas (POR 0.42, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.63), hormonal banyak (POR 0.7, 95% CI 0.62-0.95), asupan protein rendah (POR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.91), asupan lemak tinggi (POR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.59- 0.95), umur menarche ibu yang lebih muda (POR 0.6, 95 % CI 0.44 – 0.84), pendidikan bapak yang tinggi (POR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.57-0.92) dan jumlah anggota keluarga yang besar (POR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.57-0.99). Pentingnya upaya meningkatkan program pencegahan kegemukan/obesitas anak dan remaja serta meningkatkan program penyuluhan kesehatan reproduksi dengan sasaran usia yang lebih muda yaitu murid sekolah dasar (SD) dan sekolah lanjutan tingkat pertama (SLTP) baik di unit pemerintah maupun swasta.
Several studies have shown a decrease mean age of menarche in the world, including in Indonesia. The mean age of menarche in U.S. women declined by 0.9 years from 1920 to the 1980s (McDowell, 2007). Based on National Suveys conducted in 1992-1995, the mean age of menarche in Indonesian girls was 12.96 years with prevalence of early menarche was 10.3% and late menarche was 8.8% (Batubara, 2010). Determinant factors of early and late menarche was nutritional status, body fat, macronutrient intake, micronutrient intake, social economy, psycological stimulate, height/hormonal, maternal age of menarche, birth outcome, family structural, and phisical activity. This study used data of Basic Health Survey 2010 and include 5358 girls (10-19 years) in all region of Indonesia as eligible population. This study used non simple random sampling, strata, and cluster sampling method so that the analysis using complex sample design. In multivariate, this study using multinomial logistic regression. The risk factors of early menarche is overweight/obesity (POR 3.03, 95% CI 2.39-3.83), more height girls (POR 1.57, 95% CI 1.21-2.05), early maternal age of menarche (POR 1.74, 95 % CI 1.39 – 2.19), small number of children in families (POR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.21-2.23). Meanwhile the protective factors of early menarche is low energy intake (POR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.56-0.94). The risk factors of late menarche is late maternal age of menarche (POR 2.1 95 % CI 1.68-2.61). Meanwhile the protective factors of late menarche is overweight/obesity (POR 0.42, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.63), more height girls (POR 0.7, 95% CI 0.62-0.95), low protein intake (POR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.91), high fat intake (POR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.59-0.95), early maternal age of menarche (POR 0.6, 95 % CI 0.44 – 0.84), high level of father education (POR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.57-0.92), small number of families (POR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.57-0.99). So, this is important to improve prevention programs of child/adolescent obesity and reproductive health education for elementary and junior high school students both in government and private sectors.
Early marriage is defined as the marriage of a girl or boy before the age of 18. Early marriage has more negative implications for adolescent survival. An earlier marriage age will have an impact on the health of the mother and child, as well as increase morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine trends and factors associated with early marriage in young women aged 15-24 years in Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional study design with data sources derived from the secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. The sample of this study was WUS aged 15-24 years who were married totaling 4,075 respondents. Data were analyzed using cox regression to determine the prevalence of the ratio of early marriage with the variables suspected as risk factors. Significance was assessed by looking at the 95% confident interval (CI). Meanwhile, to analyze trends, survey data were used from 1987 to 2017. The results of this study show that the trend of early marriage among women 15-24 years of age in Indonesia has decreased, namely 57.8% to 40.0%. From the analysis, it was found that 40.0% of respondents who were married were aged <18 years. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that current age, age at first sexual intercourse, education level, internet exposure, age differences with partners, and differences in education levels with partners are all factors that influence a person in deciding to marry at a young age or not. . In this case, it can be seen that the level of education has the highest rate as a risk factor for early marriage so that strengthening the educational factor is needed to reduce the rate of early marriage among women in Indonesia.
Kata kunci : Stroke¸ Penderita Hipertensi, Perdesaan, Dewasa, Indonesia, Riskesdas
Stroke was recorded as the second-highest mortality cause at the age of 45- 54 years in rural areas of Indonesia. Stroke is multicausal brain function disorder due to vascular abnormalities. This study aimed to determine the frequency and determinants of stroke based on risk factors in hypertensive patients aged ≥ 45 years in rural areas of Indonesia. This study is a further analysis of the Riskesdas 2013 data which used cross-sectional study design. The sample of this study is hypertensive patients who aged ≥ 45 years old and lived in rural areas. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of stroke in adult hypertensive patients in rural areas amounted to 5.3%. The highest prevalence of stroke was found in North Maluku province (7.2%) and the lowest in Papua province (1.7%). In the studied variables, gender, stress, physical activity, consumption of anti-hypertensive drugs, smoking and education have relation to the prevalence of stroke in adult hypertensive patients (≥ 45 years) in rural areas of Indonesia.
Keywords : Stroke¸ Hypertensive Patient, Rural, Adult, Indonesia, Riskesdas
Latar belakang: Inisiasi seksual adalah indikator utama dari kesehatan dan kesejahteraan seksual remaja. Sebagai kejadian transisi pada hidup individu, inisiasi seksual idealnya terjadi secara terencana atas persetujuan seluruh pihak yang melakukannya dengan relasi yang setara. Namun, penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa terdapat berbagai risiko yang menyertai inisiasi seksual, terutama apabila dilakukan pada usia yang lebih awal.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan menemukan gambaran dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan inisiasi seksual pada remaja laki-laki dan remaja perempuan di Indonesia.
Metode: Dengan menggunakan desain potong lintang, penelitian ini melakukan analisis chi square dan regresi logistik terhadap 6.005 sampel remaja berusia 13 s.d. 17 tahun yang diperoleh dari Survei Nasional Pengalaman Hidup Anak dan Remaja Tahun 2024. Terdapat tiga belas variabel yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini, yaitu inisiasi seksual sebagai variabel dependen; gender sebagai variabel penstratifikasi; serta status pendidikan, status pekerjaan, pengetahuan terkait HIV, konsumsi alkohol, konsumsi NAPZA, struktur keluarga, dukungan keluarga, status sosial ekonomi, status perkawinan, riwayat berpacaran, dan dukungan teman sebagai variabel independen. Adapun inisiasi seksual dalam penelitian ini didefinisikan sebagai pengalaman hubungan seksual pertama kali.
Hasil: Sebanyak 1,0% remaja berusia 13 s.d. 17 tahun di Indonesia pernah mengalami inisiasi seksual dengan rincian 0,7% pada remaja laki-laki dan 1,4% pada remaja perempuan. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa determinan dari inisiasi seksual pada remaja meliputi status bekerja pada remaja laki-laki (aOR: 5,30; 95% CI: 1,75—16,09); pernah mengonsumsi alkohol seumur hidup pada remaja secara gabungan (aOR: 7,30; 95% CI: 3,71—14,33), remaja laki-laki (aOR: 9,17; 95% CI: 3,06—27,44), dan remaja perempuan (aOR: 5,71; 95% CI: 1,59—20,54); status telah menikah pada remaja secara gabungan (aOR: 1.059,50; 95% CI: 226,60—4.953,98) dan remaja perempuan (aOR: 451,08; 95% CI: 76,84—2.648,17); dan riwayat pernah berpacaran pada remaja secara gabungan (aOR: 9,51; 95% CI: 4,21—21,45), remaja laki-laki (aOR: 6,81; 95% CI: 1,68—27,70), dan remaja perempuan (aOR: 8,67; 95% CI: 3,13—24,06). Adapun status sosial ekonomi rendah-sedang memiliki hubungan negatif dengan inisiasi seksual pada remaja secara keseluruhan (aOR: 0,44; 95% CI: 0,21—0,93; P value = 0,030) dan remaja laki-laki (aOR: 0,15; 95% CI: 0,06—0,43; P value < 0,001).
Kesimpulan: Faktor individu, situasional, keluarga, dan relasi berkaitan dengan inisiasi seksual. Faktor-faktor ini perlu dipertimbangkan dalam intervensi yang meliputi pendidikan seksualitas yang komprehensif, pemberian layanan kesehatan reproduksi remaja, dan penegakan hukum. Penelitian dengan desain longitudinal diperlukan untuk memastikan ada/tidaknya hubungan kausalitas antarvariabel.
Background: Sexual initiation is the core indicator for adolescent sexual health and well-being. As a transition event on adolescents’ life, sexual initiation is ideally performed with plan and consent from each of the parties involved and within an equal relation. However, previous studies have shown that there are increased risks that follow sexual initiation, especially if it happens early. Aim: This study aimed to describe and identify factors related to sexual initiation on male and female adolescents in Indonesia. Methods: Using cross-sectional design, this study was analyzed using chi square and logistic regression analysis on 6.005 samples of adolescents ranging from 13 to 17 years old accessed from National Survey of Life Experiences of Children and Adolescents 2024. This study focuses on sexual initiation as dependent variable; gender as stratifying variable; educational status, working status, knowledge about HIV, alcohol use, drug use, family structure, family support, socioeconomic status, marital status, dating history and peer support as indendent variables. Sexual initiation, in this study, is defined as the experience of first sexual intercourse. Results: One percent (1,0%) of adolescents in Indonesia have had their first sexual intercourse. The percentage is ranging from 0,7% on male adolescents and 1,4% on female adolescents. This research also finds that the determinants of sexual initiation on adolescents are male adolescents who are currently working (aOR: 5,30; 95% CI: 1,75—16,09); have consumed alcohol in lifetime on both adolescents (aOR: 7,30; 95% CI: 3,71—14,33), male adolescents (aOR: 9,17; 95% CI: 3,06—27,44), and female adolescents (aOR: 5,71; 95% CI: 1,59—20,54) who have consumed alcohol in lifetime; being married on adolescents cumulatively (aOR: 1.059,50; 95% CI: 226,60—4.953,98) and female adolescents (aOR: 451,08; 95% CI: 76,84—2.648,17); and ever dated someone on both adolescents(aOR: 9,51; 95% CI: 4,21—21,45), male adolescents (aOR: 6,81; 95% CI: 1,68—27,70), and female adolescents (aOR: 8,67; 95% CI: 3,13—24,06). Low-middle socioeconomic status is negatively associated with sexual initiation on both adolescents (aOR: 0,44; 95% CI: 0,21—0,93) and male adolescents (aOR: 0,15; 95% CI: 0,06—0,43; P value < 0,001). Conclusion: Individual, situasional, family and relational factors are related to sexual initiation. These factors should be considered during interventions that include comprehensive sexuality education, adolescent reproductive health service and law enforcement. Researches with longitudinal nature are required to identify the presence of causal associations between variables.
Kata kunci: Pedesaan, Perilaku Seksual Remaja, Perkotaan.
