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Tujuan dan Metode. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan frekuensi merokok dengan lama waktu sampai mulai menyalahgunakan ganja. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 10.379 pelajar/mahasiswa perokok, dengan 708 penyalahguna ganja. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis kesintasan regresi Cox with time dependent covariats.
Hasil Penelitian. Berdasarkan frekuensi merokok, median waktu ketahanan dari mulai pertama kali merokok sampai menyalahgunakan ganja menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan antara kelompok merokok rutin dengan kelompok merokok tidak rutin, masing-masing 2 tahun. Hasil uji wilcoxon menyimpulkan ada perbedaan ketahanan menyalahgunakan ganja antara kelompok jarang merokok dengan kelompok perokok berfrekuensi <5 - >35 batang/minggu. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan pola semakin banyak jumlah batang rokok yang dikonsumsi, semakin besar nilai risiko untuk menyalahgunakan ganja setelah dikontrol oleh variabel confounder (riwayat minum alkohol, keluarga terpajan alkohol dan atau narkoba, pernah terpisah orangtua minimal enam bulan, dan pengaruh teman sebaya). Risiko untuk terjadinya penyalahgunaan ganja pada pelajar/mahasiswa yang merokok dengan frekuensi <5 - 7 batang/minggu adalah 2.5 lebih besar daripada pelajar/mahasiswa yang jarang merokok. Sedangkan risiko untuk terjadinya penyalahgunaan ganja pada pelajar/mahasiswa yang merokok dengan frekuensi >7 - 35 batang/minggu adalah 4.0 kali lebih cepat daripada pelajar/mahasiswa yang jarang merokok. Sementara, risiko untuk terjadinya penyalahgunaan ganja pada pelajar/mahasiswa yang merokok dengan frekuensi >35 batang/minggu adalah 4.5 kali lebih cepat daripada pelajar/mahasiswa yang jarang merokok.
Kesimpulan. Frekuensi merokok mempengaruhi besarnya risiko untuk menyalahgunakan ganja. Semakin banyak jumlah batang rokok yang dikonsumsi, semakin besar risiko untuk menyalahgunakan ganja.
Objective. The purpose of this study was to know the relationship between cigarette smoking frequency with long time to start cannabis use. A sample of 10.379 student smokers, with 708 cannabis users was used. Cox regression with time dependent covariats was analyzed as study method.
Results. Based on the frequency of cigarette smoking, the median of survival time from initial smoking to cannabis use showed no difference among regular smoking group with non regular smoking group, each 2 years. Wilcoxon test result concluded that there were difference of survival cannabis use between non regular smoking group with smokers groups which regular cigarette smoking <5 - >35 cigarette/week. Multivariate analysis showed patterns that the more the number of cigarettes consumed, the greater risk to cannabis use, after controlled by the confounder variables (history of alcohol drinking, family exposed to alcohol and or drugs, separated parents at least six months, and the influence of peers). Risk to cannabis use among students who cigarette smokers <5 ? 7 cigarette/week was 2.5 greater than students who non regular smoking. Risk to cannabis use among students who cigarette smokers <7 ? 35 cigarette/week was 4.0 greater than students who non regular smoking. Risk to cannabis use among students who cigarette smokers <35 cigarette/week was 4.5 greater than students who non regular smoking.
Conclusion. Frequency of smoking influences the risk of cannabis use. The more the number of cigarette consumed, the greater risk to cannabis use.
World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding until a baby is 6 months old to optimize the growth, development, and health of the baby. This study discusses the determinants of infant feeding behavior as measured through behavioral delayed initiation of breastfeeding, prelacteal feeding, early supplementary feeding. This study is a quantitative cross-sectional study design using Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 2012. Samples in this study were pairs of mothers and infants aged 0-23 months.
The highest risk factors for HIV/AIDS transmission according to the Ministry of Health Report (2020) are heterosexual, homosexual and sharing needles. Adolescents, especially men, are one of the vulnerable groups to have free sex and drug abuse, which are risk behaviors for HIV/AIDS. This study aims to determine the risk behavior factors for HIV/AIDS in male adolescents aged 15-24 years in Indonesia. The research is quantitative using secondary data from the 2012 and 2017 IDHS with a cross sectional study design. The results of the logistic regression test found that age, attitudes towards premarital sex and peer influence were related to HIV/AIDS risk behavior in 2012, then in 2017 age, attitudes towards premarital sex, peer influence and education were associated with HIV/AIDS risk behavior in teenage boys. The most related factor was attitudes towards premarital sex with AOR values of 6.65 in 2012 and 9.13 in 2017
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HVI) is still a global public health problem, where by the end of 2020 it is estimated that there are around 37.7 million people in the world living with HIV. In Indonesia until March 2021, there were 427,201 people with HIV of which 89.7% occurred in the fertile age (15-49 years). The Province of Jakarta became the province with the highest number of people with the HIV, which was 71,473 people. The high level of discriminatory behavior towards people with HIV has an impact on the reluctance to do HIV tests and seek treatment and tends to hide their disease status. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinants of discriminatory behavior toward people with HIV in Jakarta Province. This study used a cross-sectional study design with a sample of 1,354 respondents, male and female aged 15-49 years, had heard of HIV, and domiciled in Jakarta Province. The multivariate logistic regression was applied to determine the determinants of discriminatory behavior. The results of this study indicate that the discriminatory behavior against people with HIV in Jakarta Province is 30.3%. Based on the multivariate logistic regression model, the younger age, lower educational level, un-exposed to mass media, and lack of comprehensive knowledge are variables significantly related to discriminatory behavior towards people with HIV (p-value less than 0.10). Age is the most related variable, age 15-24 years have a risk of 1.58 (95% CI = 1.12 - 2.16) to discriminate against towards people with HIV compared to age 35-49 years after being controlled by education, exposure to information sources, and comprehensive knowledge. It recommended that intensify the dissemination of information on HIV/AIDS, especially related to the transmission of HIV/AIDS, by strengthening the collaboration of various parties to increase knowledge and reach of society in DKI Jakarta Province.
