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Coal mining industry is an industry with high risks of occupational healthand safety. Hence, it is considered important to conduct a risk assessment andevaluation on occupational health and safety in a coal mining industry. Theexpected result of the assessment and evaluation is an improvement of significantefforts in decreasing occupational accident and illness rate, and also fatality rate incoal mining activities.Focus of this study was OHS risk assessment and evaluation on miningactivity in PT. Adaro Indonesia Site Tanjung Tabalong South Kalimantan in 2013.This study was analytical descriptive using observational approach. This studyused Job Hazard Analysis for hazard and risk identification, and semi-quantitativerisk assessment method by multiplication of consequences, probability, andexposure score. The result of this study showed that mining activity in PT. AdaroIndonesia Site Tanjung Tabalong has 182 OHS risks.Key words: risk, coal, mining activities.
Fatigue is one of the causes of the high accident rate. One type of work that has a high potential to experience fatigue is a coal mine operator. This study aims to explain the different types of vehicles on the level of fatigue in coal mine operators. The variables analyzed were fatigue, vehicle type, age, sleep quantity, work shift, and work period. This research was conducted using a systematic literature review method by conducting a full text review of 10 literatures. The results of this study note the mine operator fatigue level score of 45-56 or 28% - 59.3%. Hauling dump truck operators tend to experience severe fatigue compared to dump truck operators of loading and dumping areas, as well as other operators. In addition, the overall variables, namely the type of vehicle, sleep quantity, and work shift have a significant relationship to the level of fatigue. The conclusion from this study is the type of vehicle used by the operator has an influence on the level of fatigue in the coal mine operator.
Coal Mining Operator is one of the high-risk occupations in experiencing fatigue. Thisstudy aim to determine factors associated with fatigue on coal mining operators througha systematic literature review method. Factors studied were shift work, work duration,and workload with covariate of individual factors (age, sleep quantity, sleep quality, andcircadian rhythm) and factors of work & work environment (rest periods, work hours,and work period). This research is an exploratory study with a descriptive methodthrough a systematic literature review of the literature in according to the researchcriteria. This systematic literature review is conducted through the identification,extraction, synthesis, and interpretation of data obtained from 11 selected literature. Theresukt showed that there was an influence between shift work, work duration, andworkload on fatigue in coal mining operators.
Penelitian ini berupa analisis penyebab coal dust explosion accident di PLTU X tahun 2011 yang terjadi pada tanggal 14 Desember 2011 mengakibatkan kerugian yang berupa kerusakan coal feeder dan panel instrumen boiler, dan kerugian akibat terhentinya pembangkitan energi listrik selama masa perbaikannya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menganalisis data primer dan data sekunder untuk menganalisis penyebab langsung, penyebab tidak langsung dan penyebab dasar. Penyebab langsung adalah interaksi bahan, alat dan proses sehingga terpenuhinya 5 kriteria dust explosion pentagon dan menciptakan ledakan. Penyebab tidak langsung terdiri dari prilaku tidak aman dan kondisi tidak aman. Prilaku tidak aman yang dilakukan adalah mengoperasikan mill saat terjadi gangguan blocking, membuka damper cold air terlalu cepat sehingga menciptakan terpenuhinya 5 kriteria coal dust explosion diakibatkan oleh pengetahuan akan resiko coal dust explosion, tidak tersedianya SOP, pengaturan mode operasi yang belum sesuai, dan kerusakan damper cold air. Sedangkan kondisi tidak aman terdiri dari gangguan blocking, kerusakan peralatan, dan desain coal feeder. Penyebab dasar adalah komunikasi yang sulit antara operator dan kontraktor EPC, ketidakjelasan mengenai tanggung jawab perbaikan, kurangnya pengalaman personel, dan tidak ada pengawasan mengenai K3 operasi. Risk assessment khusus pengoperasian mill perlu dilaksanakan untuk mendapatkan langkah-langkah pencegahan insiden coal dust explosion yang paling tepat.
This study analyzes the causes of a coal dust explosion accident at Steam Power Plant ?X? in 2011 which occurred on December 14, 2011 caused in losses such as damage to the instrument panel coal boiler feeder, and losses due to interruption of electric energy generation during repairs. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach to analyze primary data and secondary data to analyze the direct cause, indirect cause and basic cause. The direct cause is the interaction of materials, tools and processes that fulfill 5 criteria and creating a dust explosion pentagon explosion. Indirect causes consist of unsafe actions and unsafe conditions. Unsafe action consisted of operate mill during disturbances blocking, open the damper cold air too fast, creating the five criteria of coal dust explosion caused by the knowledge of the risks of coal dust explosion, unavailability of SOP, the setting is not appropriate mode of operation, and damage damper cold air. While unsafe conditions consisted of interference blocking, damage to equipment, and design of coal feeder. The basic cause consisted of a difficult communication between the operator and EPC contractors, uncertainty regarding the repair responsibilities, lack of personnel experience, and there is no oversight of the safety operation. Risk assessment should be carried out special operation of the mill to get the preventive measures coal dust explosion incidents are most appropriate.
Kelelahan merupakan hal umum yang dikeluhkan oleh pekerja dan hampir 20% pekerja melaporkan gejala kelelahan. Khusus pada pengemudi, kelelahan berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap kecelakaan transportasi. Selain meningkatnya kerugian akibat kecelakaan, kelelahan mengemudi juga menyebabkan kerugian finansial yang besar di sesluruh dunia. Kelelahan mengemudi juga dialami oleh pekerja tambang batubara di Indoneisa, khususnya pekerja operator. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan determinan strategis kelelahan dari faktor individu, faktor pekerjaan dan faktor eksternal pada operator tambang batubara di Kalimantan dan Sumatra tahun 2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang pada 2 perusahaan tambang batubara, 7 lokasi tambang, dan 480 operator. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara daring dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Kelelahan diukur dengan menggunakan 3 instrumen yaitu checklist individual streght-20 (CIS-20), multidimensionall fatigue inventory-20 (MFI-20), dan swedish occupational fatigue inventory (SOFI). Tipe kelelahan yang diteliti meliputi kelelahan umum, kelelahan fisik, kelelahan mental, dan kelelahan emosional. Beberapa instrumen standar juga digunakan dalampenelitian ini seperti perceived stress scale untuk mengukur stres, dutch boredom scale untuk mengukur rasa bosan, dan Pittsburg sleep quality index untuk mengukur kualitas tidur. Analisis data menggunakan chi-square dan regresi logistik ganda. Operator yang menjadi responden penelitian mempunyai umur 32,13 ± SD 6,1 tahun (21 – 58 tahun), sedangkan IMT diperoleh rerata sebesar 24,86 ± SD 3,1 dengan rentang (16,51 – 33,75) serta IMT terbanyak 24,22. Terdapat 26,9% operator termasuk kategori obesitas. Mayoritas operator sudah menikah (85%) dan sebagian besar (63,5%) tinggal di luar mess dengan keluarga (55,8%) serta mayoritas (96%) berpendidikan SMA atau sederajat. Rerata masa kerja operator adalah 9,52 ± SD 4,2 tahun dengan rentang (124 tahun) serta masa kerja terbanyak adalah 10 tahun. Sebagian besar operator bekerja di area tambang (65,8%). Jumlah operator berdasarkan pola shift dan waktu shift, masingmasing 240 (50%). Prevalensi kelelahan pada operator berkisar antara 20%-31% dengan kelelahan umum 24,8%, kelelahan fisik 22,3%, kelelahan mental 32,3%, dan kelelahan emosional 30,6%. Determinan strategis kelelahan pada operator terdiri dari faktor individu yang meliputi tingkat stres, kualitas tidur, gangguan eksternal tidur, faktor pekerjaan meliputi lokasi kerja di tambang, dan faktor eksternal yaitu tinggal dengan keluarga. Sedangkan faktor pola shift kerja dan masa kerja merupakan faktor kontekstual. Faktor yang menjadi determinan pada semua tipe kelelahan adalah faktor tingkat stres dan lokasi kerja. Determinan strategis pada kelelahan umum adalah tingkat stres (OR=3,0), lokasi kerja (OR=2,5), kualitas tidur (OR=1,8), dan tinggal dengan keluarga (OR=1,6). Pada kelelahan fisik, determinan strategis adalah tingkat stres (OR=2,5), gangguan eksternal tidur (OR=2,2), dan lokasi kerja di tambang (OR=1,7). Kelelahan mental mempunyai determinan strategis yaitu kualitas tidur (OR= 2,1), lokasi kerja di tambang (OR=2,1), tingkat stres (OR=1,7) dan gangguan eksternal tidur (OR=1,6). Sedangkan kelelahan emosional mempunyai determinan strategis yaitu tingkat stres (OR=2,0), lokasi kerja (OR=1,9), dan kualitas tidur (OR=1,9). Kelelahan emosional juga mempunyai faktor pola shift yang merupakan faktor kontekstual dengan OR= 1,9 dan masa kerja dengan OR=1,6. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa determinan kelelahan pada operator tambang batubara meliputi faktor individu, faktor pekerjaan, dan faktor eksternal. Kelelahan mental merupakan tipe kelelahan yang paling banyak dirasakan oleh operator. Determinan kelelahan yang terdapat pada semua tipe kelelahan adalah tingkat stres dan lokasi kerja. Semua determinan dapat menjadi perhatian dalam pengembangan kebijakan dan program manajemen risiko kelelahan di perusahaan tambang batubara. Kata kunci: kelelahan, kerja shift, kualitas tidur, operator batubara, stress
Fatigue is a common complaint by workers, and almost 20% of workers report symptoms of fatigue. Especially for drivers, fatigue contributes significantly to transportation accidents. In addition to the increasing loss due to accidents, driving fatigue is also causing many financial losses worldwide. Fatigued driving is also experiencing by coal mining workers in Indonesia, especially operator workers. This study aims to obtain strategic determinants of fatigue from individual factors, occupational factors, and external factors for coal mining operators in Kalimantan and Sumatra in 2021. This study uses a cross-sectional design for two coal mining companies, seven mine sites, and 480 operators. Data collection was online using a questionnaire. Fatigue was measured using three instruments, namely the individual strength-20 checklist (CIS-20), the multidimensional fatigue inventory-20 (MFI-20), and the Swedish occupational fatigue inventory (SOFI). The types of fatigue studied included general fatigue, physical exhaustion, mental fatigue, and emotional exhaustion. Several standard instruments were used in this study, such as the perceived stress scale to measure stress, the Dutch boredom scale to measure boredom, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index to measure sleep quality. Data analysis used chi-square and multiple logistic regression. Operators who became research respondents had an age of 32.13 ± SD 6.1 years (21 – 58 years), while the BMI obtained an average of 24.86 ± SD 3.1 with a range (16.51 – 33.75) and the highest BMI 24.22. There are 26.9% of operators included in the obese category. The majority of operators are married (85%), and most (63.5%) live outside the mess with their families (55.8%), and the majority (96%) have a high school education or equivalent. The average operators' tenure is 9.52 ± SD 4.2 years with a range (1-24 years), and the most tenure is ten years. Most of the operators work in the mining area (65.8%). The number of operators based on shift patterns and shift times is 240 (50%). The prevalence of fatigue in operators ranges from 20%-31%, with general fatigue 24.8%, physical fatigue 22.3%, mental fatigue 32.3%, and emotional fatigue 30.6%. The strategic determinants of operator fatigue consist of individual factors, including stress levels, sleep quality, external sleep disturbances, work factors including work locations in the mine, and external factors, namely living with family. The work shift pattern and working period are contextual factors. Factors that determine all types of fatigue are stress levels and work locations. The strategic determinants of general fatigue were stress level (OR=3.0), work location (OR=2.5), sleep quality (OR=1.8), and living with family (OR=1.6). On physical exhaustion, strategic determinants were stress level (OR=2.5), external sleep disturbance (OR=2.2), and work location in the mine (OR=1.7). Mental fatigue has strategic determinants, namely sleep quality (OR = 2.1), work location in the mine (OR = 2.1), stress level (OR = 1.7) and external sleep disturbances (OR = 1.6). Meanwhile, emotional exhaustion has strategic determinants, namely stress level (OR=2.0), work location (OR=1.9), and sleep quality (OR=1.9). Emotional fatigue has a shift pattern as a contextual factor with OR = 1.9 and job tenure with OR = 1.6. The conclusion is the determinants of fatigue in coal mine operators include individual factors, occupational factors, and an external factor. Mental fatigue is the type of fatigue most felt by operators. The determinants of fatigue found in all fatigue types are work sites and stress levels. All determinants might be accountable for developing fatigue policy and risk management programs at coal mining companies. Keywords: coal mining operator, fatigue, shift work, sleep quality, stress
Kecelakaan tambang di Indonesia menunjukkan beban yang perlu dikendalikan secara sistemik, melalui efektivitas pengukuran awal Safety Maturity Level (SML). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan antara SML dan kinerja keselamatan pertambangan yaitu indikator kecelakaan (Frequency Rate dan Severity Rate), sekaligus menjelaskan faktor konteks yang memengaruhi kekuatan hubungan tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan desain mixed methods - explanatory sequential. Fase kuantitatif memanfaatkan data sekunder dari Kementerian ESDM (KESDM) tahun 2024 di 52 perusahaan tambang batubara tahap operasi produksi sesuai kriteria inklusi, yaitu skor SML berbasis KepDirjen Minerba nomor 10.K/MB.01/DJB.T/2023 dan data statistik kecelakaan tambang 2024. Uji normalitas data menunjukkan tidak terdistribusi normal, sehingga analisis menggunakan pendekatan nonparametrik Spearman rho (ρ) dan GLM gamma. Hasil kuantitatif mengindikasikan bahwa SML secara total (agregat) berkorelasi negatif dan signifikan dengan kinerja keselamatan (indeks kecelakaan tambang), namun kontribusi tiap dimensi SML tidak seragam. “Upaya Pengendalian” merupakan indikator yang paling konsisten bersifat protektif terhadap indeks kecelakaan, sedangkan “Partisipasi Pekerja” tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan namun korelasi negatif; sementara itu, “Tanggung Jawab Pimpinan” dan “Analisis Statistik”
menunjukkan hubungan negatif (bivariat) dan positif (multivariat), serta signifikan terhadap indeks kecelakaan tambang. Selanjutnya, temuan kualitatif dari data sekunder KESDM terhadap sub-sampling perusahaan menegaskan bahwa SML tinggi tidak selalu diikuti penurunan kecelakaan ketika terdapat kesenjangan implementasi pengendalian, terutama pada tata kelola kontraktor, kompetensi, dan konsistensi eksekusi di lapangan. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa SML berdampak pada penurunan kecelakaan terutama jika diwujudkan dalam pengendalian risiko yang nyata dan pembelajaran berbasis data yang ditutup dengan tindakan (closed-loop learning), bukan sekadar pemenuhan administratif.
Mining accidents in Indonesia indicate a burden that must be controlled systemically through the effectiveness of early measurement of the Safety Maturity Level (SML). This study aims to analysis the relationship between SML and mining safety performance represented by accident indicators (Frequency Rate and Severity Rate) while also explaining contextual factors that influence the strength of this relationship. The research employs a mixed-methods design with an explanatory sequential approach. The quantitative phase utilizes secondary data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (KESDM) for 2024, covering 52 coal mining companies at the production operation stage that met the inclusion criteria, namely SML scores based on the Director General of Mineral and Coal Decree No. 10.K/MB.01/DJB.T/2023 and 2024 mine accident statistics. Data normality tests showed non-normal distributions; therefore, analysis was conducted using nonparametric Spearman’s rho (ρ) and a gamma Generalized Linear Model (GLM). Quantitative results indicate that overall (aggregate) SML is negatively and significantly correlated with safety performance (the mining accident index), but the contribution of each SML dimension is not uniform. “Control Measures” emerged as the most consistently protective indicator against the accident index, whereas “Worker Participation” showed no significant relationship, although the correlation direction was negative. Meanwhile, “Leadership Responsibility” and “Statistical Analysis” demonstrated negative (bivariate) and positive (multivariate) relationships, and both were significant with respect to the mining accident index. Furthermore, qualitative findings derived from secondary KESDM data on a subsample of companies confirm that a high SML does not always translate into reduced accidents when gaps in the implementation of controls persist—particularly in contractor governance, competency, and consistency of execution in the field. This study concludes that SML contributes to accident reduction primarily when it is translated into tangible risk controls and data-driven learning that is closed with corrective action (closed-loop learning), rather than merely fulfilling administrative requirements.
Keselamatan kerja pada jalur hauling di industri pertambangan batubara merupakan aspek penting yang memerlukan perhatian serius, mengingat tingginya risiko kecelakaan kerja pada aktivitas pengangkutan material. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kecelakaan kerja dan menyusun model pencegahan berbasis Human Factor Analysis and Classification System for Mining Industry (HFACS-MI) serta metode investigasi Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB). Pendekatan campuran digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dengan data kuantitatif diperoleh melalui survei terhadap 420 operator dump truck di tiga perusahaan tambang terbuka di Kalimantan, serta data kualitatif dari wawancara mendalam, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), dan observasi langsung di lapangan. Analisis regresi linier berganda digunakan untuk menguji pengaruh enam variabel independen faktor eksternal, pengaruh organisasi, kepemimpinan tidak berkeselamatan, pengendalian risiko, kondisi lingkungan, dan tindakan individu terhadap kecelakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh variabel memiliki pengaruh signifikan, dengan kepemimpinan tidak berkeselamatan dan kondisi lingkungan sebagai faktor dominan penyebab kecelakaan. Temuan ini mengindikasikan perlunya penguatan pengawasan, perbaikan perilaku kerja operator, serta peningkatan kualitas jalur hauling. Model pencegahan yang diusulkan menitikberatkan pada penguatan kepemimpinan, pengendalian risiko, dan perawatan infrastruktur hauling secara berkelanjutan untuk menurunkan angka kecelakaan kerja di sektor pertambangan.
Occupational safety in hauling roads within the coal mining industry is a critical aspect that requires serious attention, considering the high risk of work accidents during material transportation activities. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing occupational accidents and to develop a preventive model based on the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System for Mining Industry (HFACS-MI) and the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) investigation method. A mixed-method approach was used, with quantitative data collected through a survey of 420 dump truck operators across three open-pit mining companies in Kalimantan, and qualitative data gathered from in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and direct field observations. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to assess the influence of six independent variables external factors, organizational influence, unsafe leadership, risk control, environmental conditions, and individual actions on work accidents. The results indicated that all variables had a significant effect, with unsafe leadership and environmental conditions emerging as the dominant contributing factors. These findings highlight the need to strengthen supervision, improve operator behavior, and enhance the quality of hauling road infrastructure. The proposed accident prevention model emphasizes the reinforcement of leadership roles, risk control management, and continuous improvement of hauling infrastructure to reduce the incidence of occupational accidents in the mining sector.
