Industri minyak dan gas bumi merupakan sektor dengan tingkat risiko keselamatan kerja yang tinggi akibat kompleksitas operasi, penggunaan teknologi bertekanan tinggi, serta paparan energi berbahaya. Meskipun indikator kinerja keselamatan seperti Total Recordable Injury Rate (TRIR) menunjukkan tren perbaikan, kecelakaan dengan konsekuensi tinggi seperti fatality masih tetap terjadi. Kejadian fatality tidak hanya menyebabkan kehilangan nyawa, tetapi juga berdampak terhadap aspek operasional, finansial, dan reputasi perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor penyebab kejadian fatality pada Perusahaan X selama periode tahun 2021–2025 menggunakan metode Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif menggunakan data sekunder berupa laporan investigasi kejadian fatality. Unit analisis penelitian terdiri atas 12 kejadian fatality yang terjadi pada periode tahun 2021–2025. Analisis dilakukan dengan mengklasifikasikan faktor penyebab kecelakaan ke dalam empat level HFACS, yaitu Unsafe Acts, Preconditions for Unsafe Acts, Unsafe Supervision, dan Organizational Influences. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang paling dominan pada level Unsafe Acts adalah Routine Violations dan Perceptual Errors (83%) dan Decision Errors (50%). Pada level Preconditions for Unsafe Acts, faktor dominan adalah Communication, Coordination and Planning (83%), Tools/Technology (75%), dan Mental States (75%). Pada level Unsafe Supervision, faktor Inadequate Supervision ditemukan pada seluruh kasus (100%), sedangkan Planned Inappropriate Operations dan Failure to Correct Known Problem masing-masing ditemukan pada 92% kasus. Pada level Organizational Influences, faktor Operational Process dan Resource Management ditemukan pada seluruh kasus (100%), sedangkan Organizational Culture ditemukan pada 92% kasus. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar korban fatality merupakan pekerja kontraktor. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kejadian fatality pada industri migas merupakan hasil interaksi berbagai faktor yang saling berkaitan mulai dari level organisasi, pengawasan, kondisi kerja, hingga tindakan individu. Pendekatan HFACS mampu mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor laten yang berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya fatality sehingga dapat menjadi dasar dalam pengembangan strategi pencegahan kecelakaan berkonsekuensi tinggi pada industri migas.

The oil and gas industry is recognized as a high-risk sector due to operational complexity, high-pressure technologies, and exposure to hazardous energy sources. Although safety performance indicators such as the Total Recordable Injury Rate (TRIR) have shown improvement trends, high-consequence incidents such as fatalities continue to occur. Fatal accidents not only result in the loss of life but also have significant operational, financial, and reputational impacts on organizations. This study aimed to analyze the contributing factors of fatal occupational accidents in Company X during the period 2021–2025 using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). This study employed a descriptive-analytic design using qualitative and quantitative approaches based on secondary data obtained from fatal accident investigation reports. The unit of analysis consisted of 12 fatal incidents that occurred between 2021 and 2025. Accident contributing factors were classified according to the four HFACS levels: Unsafe Acts, Preconditions for Unsafe Acts, Unsafe Supervision, and Organizational Influences. The results revealed that the most dominant factor within the Unsafe Acts level were Routine Violations and Perceptual Errors (83%), followed by Decision Errors (50%). At the Preconditions for Unsafe Acts level, the dominant factors were Communication, Coordination and Planning (83%), Tools/Technology (75%), and Mental States (75%). Within the Unsafe Supervision category, Inadequate Supervision was identified in all fatal cases (100%), while Planned Inappropriate Operations and Failure to Correct Known Problem were identified in 92% of the cases. At the Organizational Influences level, Operational Process and Resource Management were found in all cases (100%), whereas Organizational Culture was identified in 92% of the cases. The study also found that most fatality victims were contractor personnel. This study concludes that fatal occupational accidents in the oil and gas industry are the result of interactions among organizational, supervisory, workplace, and individual factors. HFACS proved effective in identifying latent conditions contributing to fatal accidents and can therefore serve as a basis for developing high-consequence risk prevention strategies in the oil and gas industry.

Studi ini menilai hubungan ekologis antara aktivitas inspeksi kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja (K3) dan tingkat cedera dan kematian akibat kerja di Zimbabwe dari tahun 2018 hingga 2023. Inspeksi regulasi secara luas diakui sebagai mekanisme kunci untuk meningkatkan keselamatan di tempat kerja; namun, bukti mengenai efektivitasnya di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah masih terbatas. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tren dalam aktivitas inspeksi, tingkat cedera akibat kerja, dan tingkat kematian akibat kerja, dan untuk memeriksa apakah aktivitas inspeksi terkait dengan hasil keselamatan kerja di tingkat nasional. Desain deret waktu ekologis digunakan dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari laporan tahunan Otoritas Jaminan Sosial Nasional (NSSA). Tingkat inspeksi tahunan, tingkat cedera akibat kerja, dan tingkat kematian akibat kerja dianalisis untuk periode enam tahun. Analisis tren deskriptif, korelasi Spearman dan Pearson, dan regresi linier sederhana digunakan untuk memeriksa hubungan antara aktivitas inspeksi dan hasil keselamatan kerja. Temuan tersebut mengungkapkan fluktuasi substansial dalam aktivitas inspeksi, tingkat cedera, dan tingkat kematian selama periode studi. Meskipun korelasi positif diamati antara aktivitas inspeksi dan tingkat cedera (r = 0,727) dan antara aktivitas inspeksi dan tingkat kematian (r = 0,640), hubungan ini tidak konsisten dan harus ditafsirkan dengan hati-hati karena jumlah pengamatan yang kecil dan sifat ekologis data. Analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas inspeksi menjelaskan sebagian besar variasi dalam hasil keselamatan kerja; namun, temuan tersebut tidak memberikan bukti ekologis yang konsisten bahwa perubahan dalam aktivitas inspeksi dikaitkan dengan pengurangan yang sesuai dalam tingkat cedera atau kematian. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa aktivitas inspeksi saja mungkin tidak cukup untuk menghasilkan peningkatan yang terukur di tingkat nasional dalam hasil keselamatan kerja di bawah kondisi kelembagaan yang ada. Praktik manajemen keselamatan organisasi, sistem pelaporan, kualitas penegakan hukum, dan faktor kontekstual yang lebih luas dapat memainkan peran penting dalam membentuk kinerja keselamatan kerja. Studi ini memberikan bukti dasar tentang regulasi K3 di Zimbabwe dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk penelitian, kebijakan, dan praktik regulasi di masa mendatang.

This study assessed the ecological association between occupational health and safety (OHS) inspection activity and occupational injury and fatality rates in Zimbabwe from 2018 to 2023. Regulatory inspections are widely recognised as a key mechanism for improving workplace safety; however, evidence regarding their effectiveness in low- and middle-income countries remains limited. The study sought to determine trends in inspection activity, occupational injury rates, and occupational fatality rates, and to examine whether inspection activity was associated with occupational safety outcomes at the national level. An ecological time-series design was employed using secondary data obtained from the National Social Security Authority (NSSA) annual reports. Annual inspection rates, occupational injury rates, and occupational fatality rates were analysed for the six-year period. Descriptive trend analysis, Spearman and Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression were used to examine associations between inspection activity and occupational safety outcomes. The findings revealed substantial fluctuations in inspection activity, injury rates, and fatality rates over the study period. Although positive correlations were observed between inspection activity and injury rates (r = 0.727) and between inspection activity and fatality rates (r = 0.640), these relationships were inconsistent and should be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of observations and the ecological nature of the data. Regression analyses suggested that inspection activity explained a notable proportion of the variation in occupational outcomes; however, the findings did not provide consistent ecological evidence that changes in inspection activity were associated with corresponding reductions in injury or fatality rates. The study concludes that inspection activity alone may be insufficient to generate measurable national-level improvements in occupational safety outcomes under existing institutional conditions. Organisational safety management practices, reporting systems, enforcement quality, and broader contextual factors may play important roles in shaping occupational safety performance. The study contributes baseline evidence on OHS regulation in Zimbabwe and provides recommendations for future research, policy, and regulatory practice.