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Kata kunci: tuberkulosis, perilaku, lingkungan rumah, kontak serumah
Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria exhaled by patients when coughing, sneezing, even speaking. Duration and frequency of exposure is important factor of TB transmission, especially in closed room. Therefore, household contact of TB patient is susceptible. This research aimed to find out the influence of behavior and house environment condition to tuberculosis symptoms existence at household contact of TB patient. This cross-sectional research collected data by interviewed 73 TB patients and their household contact. Then, observation the house environment conditions. Results showed that TB symptoms at household contact was affected by patient behavior to covered mouth when coughing/sneezing, disposed sputum carelessly and household contact behavior who slept in the same room with the patient. While, house condition that affect was not-eligible lighting and ventilation, then high population density. In conclusion, behavior and house environment condition was influenced the existence of TB symptoms at household contact. To avoid tuberculosis transmission, patients is suggested to wear mask and their household contacts should not sleep with them in the same room. Lighting and ventilation also have to comply healthy house requirement to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms in the house.
Keywords: tuberculosis, behavior, house environment, household contact
Insidens kasus tuberkulosis (TBC) anak di Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 11,7% dari total kasus TB. Tidak semua individu terpapar TBC akan menjadi sakit, namun kemungkinan reaktivasi lebih tinggi pada anak , terutama pada anak di bawah lima tahun. Kontak serumah lebih berisiko. Nutrisi baik makro maupun mikro mempengaruhi kejadian TBC pada anak. Studi menyatakan Vitamin D dan Seng berperan dalam peningkatan imunitas. Namun penelitian tentang pemberian suplementasi vitamin D dan Seng serta upaya perbaikan nutrisi dalam pencegahan infeksi TBC pada balita belum dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian suplementasi dan konseling diet dalam pencegahan infeksi TBC pada balita kontakserumah TBC paru terkonfirmasi bakteriologis di DKI Jakarta. Kami melakukan penelitian quasi eksperimen pada balita kontak serumah TBC paru bakteriologis di 25 kecamatan di DKI Jakarta. Kelompok intervensi diberikan vitamin D 400-600 IU/hari dan Seng 10-20mg/hari tergantung usia selama 3 bulan serta konseling diet pada orang tua. Balita yang masuk dalam sampel adalah balita yang tidak terinfeksi dan atau sakit TBC, tidak gizi buruk, HIV negative dan tidak menderita penyakit kronis lain. Setiap bulan dilakukan recall diet 24 jam untuk mengukur nutrisi dan status gizi. Setelah 3 bulan akan dihitung balita yang terinfeksi dan tidak dengan menggunakan tes tuberculin. Analisa multivariat dilakukan dengan GEE. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, insidenss kumulatif infeksi TBC pada kelompok intervensi 5% sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol 23%. Pemberian intervensi meningkatkan konsumsi vitamin D pada balita yakni dari 3 mcg menjadi 14,9 mcg dan Seng 3.8 mg menjadi 18.2 mg. Pada balita terinfeksi, konsumsi vitamin D dan Seng lebih rendah. Besarnya risiko kejadian infeksi TBC dengan pemberian intervensi adalah 0.22 kali ( 95% CI 0.08-0.57 p. value 0.002). Pemberian suplementasi vitamin D dan Seng serta konseling diet menurunkan kejadian infeksi TBC pada balita kontak serumah hingga 78%. Kata Kunci : Infeksi TBC pada balita kontak serumah, suplementasi vitamin D dan Seng, quasi eksperimen, tes tuberculin
The incidence of childhood tuberculosis (TB) in Indonesia is estimated to be 11.7% of total TB cases. Not all individuals exposed to TB will become ill, but the likelihood of reactivation is higher in children, especially children under five years old. Household contacts are more at risk. Both macro and mikro nutriens influence the incidence of TB in children. Studies suggest that vitamin D and zinc play a role in boosting immunity. However, research on vitamin D and zinc supplementation and nutritional improvement efforts in preventing tuberculosis infection in children under five years of age has not been conducted. This study aims to determine the effect of supplementation and dietary counseling in preventing TB infection in young children with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB in DKI Jakarta. We conducted a quasi-experimental study among infants with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB home contacts in 25 subdistricts in DKI Jakarta. The intervention group received vitamin D 400-600 IU/day and Zinc 10-20mg/day depending on age for 3 months, as well as nutritional counseling for parents. Included in the sample were infants who were not infected and/or sick with TB, not malnourished, HIV negative, and not suffering from any other chronic diseases. A 24-hour dietary recall to measure diet and nutritional status was conducted every month. After 3 months, infected and uninfected children were counted using the tuberculin test. Multivariate analysis was performed using GEE. Based on the results of the study, the cumulative incidence of TB infection was 5% in the intervention group and 23% in the control group. The intervention increased vitamin D consumption in toddlers from 3 mcg to 14.9 mcg and zinc from 3.8 mg to 18.2 mg. Vitamin D and zinc intake was lower among infected infants. The risk of TB infection with the intervention was 0.22 times (95% CI 0.08-0.57 p. value 0.002). Provision of vitamin D and zinc supplementation and dietary advice reduced the risk of TB infection. Keywords: Infection of TB in Household contact children under five years age, Tuberculin Test, Suplementation of vitamin D and zinc, Quasi experimental studies
