Abstrak: High intakes of dietary sodium are associated with elevated blood pressure levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. National and international guidelines recommend reduced sodium intake in the general population, which necessitates population-wide surveillance. We assessed the utility of casual (spot) urine specimens in estimating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion as a marker of sodium intake in the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure. There were 5,693 participants recruited in 1984-1987 at the ages of 20-59 years from 29 North American and European samples. Participants were randomly assigned to test or validation data sets. Equations derived from casual urinary sodium concentration and other variables in the test data were applied to the validation data set. Correlations between observed and estimated 24-hour sodium excretion were 0.50 for individual men and 0.51 for individual women; the values were 0.79 and 0.71, respectively, for population samples. Bias in mean values (observed minus estimated) was small; for men and women, the values were -1.6 mmol per 24 hours and 2.3 mmol per 24 hours, respectively, at the individual level and -1.8 mmol per 24 hours and 2.2 mmol per 24 hours, respectively, at the population level. Proportions of individuals with urinary 24-hour sodium excretion above the recommended levels were slightly overestimated by the models. Casual urine specimens may be a useful, low-burden, low-cost alternative to 24-hour urine collections for estimation of population sodium intakes; ongoing calibration with study-specific 24-hour urinary collections is recommended to increase validity.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini mendalami tentang pelaksanaan surveilans gizi dalam memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan informasi gizi terutama 18 indikator gizi, baik untuk penggunaan informasi di dalam Puskesmas maupun di tingkat Kota Cimahi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan agar kegiatan surveilans dapat berjalan dengan baik di Puskesmas Melong Asih, pemegang program gizi hanya memegang program gizi tidak ditambah tugas lain yang lebih menyita waktu; melakukan pengkaderan dengan melibatkan karang taruna dan dibuatkannya SK oleh Lurah agar tidak ada pergantian kader setiap ada pemilihan RW baru; melakukan sosialisasi dan pelatihan kader; membuat buku petunjuk teknik/ petunjuk pelaksanaan pelaksanaan surveilans gizi; membuat standar prosedur operasional (SPO) surveilans gizi, melakukan pembinaan secara kerkesinambungan dan terjadwal terhadap posyandu, serta adanya pemantauan terhadap TPG oleh seksi Kesga dan Gizi dengan melakukan penilaian kinerja petugas gizi Puskesmas; adanya pelatihan mengenai surveilans gizi bagi petugas gizi puskesmas; agar diseminasi hasil kegiatan gizi dilakukan lebih terjadwal dan rutin, serta mengoptimalkan kegiatan surveilans gizi sehingga menghasilkan informasi yang tepat sebagai dasar perencanaan dan tindaklanjut dari hasil surveilans gizi; meningkatkan koordinasi, kerjasama, dan dukungan antar posyandu dan lintas program serta agar umpan balik yang diharapkan tercapai. Kata kunci: Surveilans, surveilans gizi, puskesmas, dinas kesehatan The research to obtain a deeper understanding the implementation of nutritional surveillance in fulfilling various nutritional information needs, especially 18 nutrition indicators, both for the use of information in health centers or at the Cimahi level. This research is qualitative research with descriptive design and system approach. The results suggest that surveillance activities running work well in Melong Asih Health Center, nutritional program holders only hold nutritional programs not increase other tasks that are more time-consuming; Conducting cadre involving youth groups and making SK by the Lurah so that there will be no change of cadres every new RW election; Socialize and train the cadres; To make technical manual / guidance on implementation of nutrition surveillance; Standardize operational procedures (SOP) for nutrition surveillance, conduct continuous and scheduled guidance on posyandu, as well as monitoring of TPG by the Kesga and Nutrition sections by conducting an assessment of the performance of Puskesmas nutrition officers; Training on nutrition surveillance for nutrition officers of puskesmas; In order to disseminate the results of nutrition activities performed more scheduled and routine, and optimize nutrition surveillance activities so as to produce appropriate information as the basis of planning and follow-up of the results of nutrition surveillance; Improve coordination, cooperation, and support among posyandu and cross programs so that the expected feedback is achieved. Keywords: Surveillance, Nutrition surveillance, health center, health distric

Abstrak: Difteri masih menjadi masalah serius di beberapa negara di dunia. meskipun vaksinasi difteri telah rutin dilaksanakan sejak tahun 70-an, masih terjadi laporan Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) difteri terutama di negara berkembang. Menurut WHO, pada tahun 2000, dilaporkan 30.000 kasus dan 3.000 kematian karena difteri di dunia. Salah satu upaya pengendalian penyakit difteri adalah dengan penguatan sistem surveilans difteri. Dimana surveilans difteri berperan penting untuk menilai dampak dan sebagai sistem kewaspadaan dini agar bisa dilakukan penanggulangan difteri secara tepat dan cepat. Sistem surveilans yang baik sangat diperlukan untuk melihat pengembangan penyakit dan meminimalisir penularan penyakit. Untuk itu perlu adanya evaluasi system surveilans difteri di wilayah Dinas Kota Depok. Metode ini menggunakan pendekatan system yang terdiri dari input, proses, dan output. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh dari wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan telaah dokumen. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Depok dan dua Puskesmas di Wilayah Kota Depok. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dalam penyelenggaraan surveilans difteri ditemukan beberapa hambatan yakni kurangnya pelatihan bagi tenaga kesehatan surveilans di Dinas Kesehatan dan beban kerja yang tinggi di Puskesmas. Selain itu ketepatan dan kelengkapan laporan yang masih belum tepat waktu, diperlukan adanya sistem surveilans difteri agar surveilans difteri berjalan dengan baik.

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Diphtheria is still a serious problem in several countries in the world. although diphtheria vaccination has been routinely carried out since the 70s, there are still reports of diphtheria outbreaks, especially in developing countries. According to WHO, in 2000, 30,000 cases were reported and 3,000 deaths from diphtheria in the world. One effort to control diphtheria is by strengthening the diphtheria surveillance system. Where diphtheria surveillance plays an important role to assess the impact and as an early vigilance system so that the diphtheria prevention can be carried out appropriately and quickly. A good surveillance system is needed to see the development of disease and minimize transmission of disease. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate the diphtheria surveillance system in the Depok City Service area. This method uses a system approach consisting of input, process, and output. The data sources used are primary and secondary data obtained from in-depth interviews, observations, and document review. This research was conducted at the Depok City Health Office and two Puskesmas in the Depok City Area. Based on the results of the study, it was found that in the implementation of diphtheria surveillance there were several obstacles, namely the lack of health workers for surveillance at the Health Office and high workload at the Puskesmas. In addition, the accuracy and completeness of the reports are still not on time, and a diphtheria surveillance system is needed so that diphtheria surveillance works well.were collected by means of deep interview. The researcher suggests that library should improve the user education program and provide facilities which can help students to be information literate.