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Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that was formed from breast cells that grow out of control so that it can spread between tissues or organs near the breast or to other parts of the body. This study aims to know the correlation between the age of menarche in women and the incidence of breast cancer in urban areas of Indonesia by analyzing data from the 2016 Non-Communicable Diseases research. Design of this research used cross sectional study, sample which suitable from inclusion and exclusion criteria was 34.635 respondens. Bivariate analysis used chi-square and multivariate analysis used logistic regression. The results showed the proportion of breast cancer in women in urban areas of Indonesia based on research data on Non-Communicable Diseases in 2016 was 7.9%. Multivariate analysis showed that relationship between the age of menarche and the incidence of breast cancer P value 0.539 OR 1.051 (0.897-1.232) which means P value > 0.05. The conclusion, there was not a significant relationship between the age of menarche in women and the incidence of breast cancer in urban areas of Indonesia by analyzing data from the 2016 Non-Communicable Diseases research after being controlled with variables of education, occupation, family history of cancer and dietary habits.
Kata kunci : Menarche; persen lemak tubuh; usia menarche ibu
Menarche was being the onset of menstruation on a girl adolescent. Early menarche was age before 12 and impact to the risk of early pregnancy. This study aimed to identify the association between nutritional status (BMI/Y), body fat percentage, nutrient intake (intake of energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate), physical activity, mother‟s age of menarche, stimulant electronic media, social economics status, and the dominant factors among girl adolescent student 6th grade primary school student in West Jakarta, 2018. The design of this research was cross sectional that using primary data of 6 public elementary school on April 2018. Data were collected by using a self-administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. The result of this research showed that 48% from 127 respondents had age of menarche before 12 by the average of menarche age 11,61 year. The variable which has correlation with the age of menarche in this research are the body fat percentage (p=0,007) and mother‟s age of menarche (p=0,028). Regression binary logistic showed that body fat percentage was dominant factors that related to age of menarche (OR=5,976). Considering from this conclusion suggested the existence of adolescent reproductive health education in primary school and supported by the public health institution.
Keywords : Menarche; body fat percentage; mother‟s age of menarche
Beberapa studi menunjukkan adanya penurunan rata-rata usia menarche di seluruh dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Rata-rata usia menarche wanita di Amerika menurun sebesar 0,9 tahun dari tahun 1920 hingga 1980an (McDowell, 2007). Berdasarkan survei nasional pada tahun 1992 – 1995 rata-rata usia menarche remaja putri di Indonesia adalah 12,96 tahun dengan prevalensi menarche dini sebesar 10,3 % dan menarche terlambat sebesar 8,8 % (Batubara, 2010). Faktor determinan dari menarche dini dan menarche terlambat adalah status gizi, lemak tubuh, asupan makronutrien, asupan mikronutrien, sosial ekonomi, rangsangan psikis, hormonal, umur menarche ibu, outcome kelahiran, dan aktivitas fisik. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Riskesdas tahun 2010 dan mengikutsertakan 5358 remaja putri (10-19 tahun) diseluruh wilayah Indonesia sebagai populasi eligible. Studi ini menggunakan metode penarikan sampel non simple random sampling, strata, dan cluster sehingga menggunakan desain complex sample dalam analisisnya. Analisis model akhir menggunakan regresi logistik multinomial. Pada hasil multivariat, faktor risiko untuk menarche dini adalah kegemukan/obesitas (POR 3.03, 95% CI 2.39-3.83), hormonal banyak (POR 1.57, 95% CI 1.21-2.05), umur menarche ibu cepat (POR 1.74, 95 % CI 1.39 – 2.19) dan jumlah anak dalam keluarga sedikit (POR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.21-2.23). Sementara itu faktor protektif untuk menarche dini adalah asupan energi kurang (POR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.56-0.94). Faktor risiko untuk menarche terlambat adalah usia menarche ibu yang lambat (POR 2.1 95 % CI 1.68-2.61). Sementara itu faktor protektif untuk menarche terlambat adalah kegemukan/obesitas (POR 0.42, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.63), hormonal banyak (POR 0.7, 95% CI 0.62-0.95), asupan protein rendah (POR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.91), asupan lemak tinggi (POR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.59- 0.95), umur menarche ibu yang lebih muda (POR 0.6, 95 % CI 0.44 – 0.84), pendidikan bapak yang tinggi (POR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.57-0.92) dan jumlah anggota keluarga yang besar (POR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.57-0.99). Pentingnya upaya meningkatkan program pencegahan kegemukan/obesitas anak dan remaja serta meningkatkan program penyuluhan kesehatan reproduksi dengan sasaran usia yang lebih muda yaitu murid sekolah dasar (SD) dan sekolah lanjutan tingkat pertama (SLTP) baik di unit pemerintah maupun swasta.
Several studies have shown a decrease mean age of menarche in the world, including in Indonesia. The mean age of menarche in U.S. women declined by 0.9 years from 1920 to the 1980s (McDowell, 2007). Based on National Suveys conducted in 1992-1995, the mean age of menarche in Indonesian girls was 12.96 years with prevalence of early menarche was 10.3% and late menarche was 8.8% (Batubara, 2010). Determinant factors of early and late menarche was nutritional status, body fat, macronutrient intake, micronutrient intake, social economy, psycological stimulate, height/hormonal, maternal age of menarche, birth outcome, family structural, and phisical activity. This study used data of Basic Health Survey 2010 and include 5358 girls (10-19 years) in all region of Indonesia as eligible population. This study used non simple random sampling, strata, and cluster sampling method so that the analysis using complex sample design. In multivariate, this study using multinomial logistic regression. The risk factors of early menarche is overweight/obesity (POR 3.03, 95% CI 2.39-3.83), more height girls (POR 1.57, 95% CI 1.21-2.05), early maternal age of menarche (POR 1.74, 95 % CI 1.39 – 2.19), small number of children in families (POR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.21-2.23). Meanwhile the protective factors of early menarche is low energy intake (POR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.56-0.94). The risk factors of late menarche is late maternal age of menarche (POR 2.1 95 % CI 1.68-2.61). Meanwhile the protective factors of late menarche is overweight/obesity (POR 0.42, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.63), more height girls (POR 0.7, 95% CI 0.62-0.95), low protein intake (POR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.91), high fat intake (POR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.59-0.95), early maternal age of menarche (POR 0.6, 95 % CI 0.44 – 0.84), high level of father education (POR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.57-0.92), small number of families (POR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.57-0.99). So, this is important to improve prevention programs of child/adolescent obesity and reproductive health education for elementary and junior high school students both in government and private sectors.
In general, menarche occurs at the age of 12-14 years. However, the last few decades have seen a trend of decreasing the age of menarche to younger, even though earlier or later menarche can impact health. Nutritional factors, including eating habits, are important and can be modified in their influence on the age of menarche. A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted to analyze the relationship between eating habits and menarche age in 420 female students from 15 selected junior high schools in DKI Jakarta Province. Data collection was carried out in May 2023 through interviews, filling out questionnaires, and measuring the weight and height of female students. The analysis found that the average age of menarche was 11 years 9 months, with the youngest menarche being 8 years 11 months and the oldest menarche being 14 years 4 months. Junior high school students in DKI Jakarta Province tend for daily consumption to exceed 100% of the RDA for carbohydrates, fat, protein, sugar, and salt. However, as many as 70.7% of respondents have a habit of eating fiber less than 100% of the RDA. Low fiber diet (<29 grams/day) was also found to be significantly related to earlier menarche age either through the bivariate test (p = 0.006) or multivariate test after controlling for eating habits of fat, protein, and salt (p = 0.047) with a value OR = 0.569 (95% CI 0.325-0.993) which means girls with low fiber eating habits have a 1.76 times chance of getting menarche earlier than girls with high fiber eating habits. A balanced nutritional intake pattern, including vegetables and fruits, is a recommendation because nutrition is an important factor for adolescent growth and development, and adolescent health in general.
