Ditemukan 22 dokumen yang sesuai dengan query :: Simpan CSV
Anis Hartanti Widowati; Pembimbing: Sudarti Kresno; Hesti Kristina P. Tobing
S-4511
Depok : FKM-UI, 2006
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Saryatno; Pembimbing: Sudijanto Kamso; Penguji: R. Sutiawan, Melvinawati Kristina
S-6339
Depok : FKM-UI, 2011
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Resa Lisardi Dwiranti; Pembimbing: Atik Nurwahyuni; Penguji: Pujiyanto, Khaterina Kristina Manurung
Abstrak:
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Low Back Pain merupakan salah satu penyebab utama disabilitas yang membutuhkan penanganan rehabilitasi medik jangka panjang. Namun, frekuensi kunjungan rehabilitasi medik pada pasien LBP peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) masih belum optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran frekuensi kunjungan dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan frekuensi kunjungan rehabilitasi medik pada pasien Low Back Pain peserta JKN di Fasilitas Kesehatan Rujukan Tingkat Lanjut (FKRTL). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif non-eksperimental dengan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan pada Februari–Juni 2025 menggunakan data sekunder dari Data Sampel BPJS Kesehatan tahun 2024. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar pasien Low Back Pain (65,1%) melakukan kunjungan rehabilitasi medik dengan frekuensi rendah, yang mencerminkan ketidakpatuhan terhadap terapi. Variabel usia, jenis kelamin, status perkawinan, wilayah dan jenis wilayah tempat tinggal peserta, kelas hak rawat, segmentasi peserta, tipe FKRTL, dan status kepemilikan FKRTL memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap frekuensi kunjungan rehabilitasi medik (p < 0,05). Temuan ini menunjukkan perlunya penguatan sistem pemantauan terhadap utilisasi layanan rehabilitasi medik, baik untuk menangani ketidakpatuhan maupun mengidentifikasi potensi overutilization pada fasilitas atau segmen pasien tertentu.
Low Back Pain is one of the leading causes of disability that often requires long-term medical rehabilitation. However, the frequency of rehabilitation visits among Low Back Pain patients enrolled in the National Health Insurance (JKN) program remains suboptimal. This study aims to describe the visit frequency and analyze the factors associated with the frequency of medical rehabilitation visits among JKN participants with Low Back Pain at referral health facilities (FKRTL). This is a non-experimental quantitative study with a cross-sectional design conducted from February to June 2025, using secondary data from the 2024 BPJS Kesehatan Sample Data. The results showed that the majority of LBP patients (65,1%) had a low frequency of rehabilitation visits, indicating poor adherence to therapy. Variables such as age, gender, marital status, residential region and area type, class of care entitlement, participant segmentation, type of FKRTL, and ownership status of FKRTL were significantly associated with the frequency of rehabilitation visits (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the need to strengthen monitoring systems for the utilization of medical rehabilitation services, both to address non-adherence and to identify potential overutilization in specific facilities or patient segments.
Low Back Pain is one of the leading causes of disability that often requires long-term medical rehabilitation. However, the frequency of rehabilitation visits among Low Back Pain patients enrolled in the National Health Insurance (JKN) program remains suboptimal. This study aims to describe the visit frequency and analyze the factors associated with the frequency of medical rehabilitation visits among JKN participants with Low Back Pain at referral health facilities (FKRTL). This is a non-experimental quantitative study with a cross-sectional design conducted from February to June 2025, using secondary data from the 2024 BPJS Kesehatan Sample Data. The results showed that the majority of LBP patients (65,1%) had a low frequency of rehabilitation visits, indicating poor adherence to therapy. Variables such as age, gender, marital status, residential region and area type, class of care entitlement, participant segmentation, type of FKRTL, and ownership status of FKRTL were significantly associated with the frequency of rehabilitation visits (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the need to strengthen monitoring systems for the utilization of medical rehabilitation services, both to address non-adherence and to identify potential overutilization in specific facilities or patient segments.
S-12092
Depok : FKM UI, 2025
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Bunga Pramesuari Mei Syara; Pembimbing: Vetty Yulianty Permanasari; Penguji: Pujiyanto, Khaterina Kristina Manurung
Abstrak:
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Kesehatan gigi merupakan bagian integral dari kesehatan tubuh secara keseluruhan, dan masalah kesehatan gigi berkontribusi signifikan terhadap beban penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh berbagai variabel terhadap utilisasi layanan kesehatan gigi di Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama (FKTP) berdasarkan data sampel BPJS pada tahun 2023. Desain penelitian menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Mann-Whitney dengan total sampel sebanyak 8.694 peserta yang memanfaatkan layanan kesehatan gigi di FKTP wilayah Provinsi Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel usia 15-64 tahun, jenis kelamin Perempuan, tempat tinggal peserta di kota, status perkawinan kawin, lokasi FKTP kota, jenis FKTP klinik pratama, serta segmen kepesertaan PPU, semuanya memiliki hubungan signifikan terhadap utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan gigi di FKTP (p-value < 0,001). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yakni seluruh variabel berhubungan signifikan dengan utilisasi layanan kesehatan gigi di FKTP wilayah Provinsi Jawa Barat.
Dental health is an integral part of overall body health, and dental health problems contribute significantly to the burden of disease. This study aims to analyze the influence of various variables on the utilization of dental health services at the Primary Health Care (FKTP) based on BPJS sample data in 2023. The research design used the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with a total sample of 8,694 participants who utilized dental health services at FKTP in West Java Province. The results showed that the variables of age 15-64 years, female gender, residence in the city, marital status, location of city primary health care facilities, type of primary health care facilities, and PPU membership segment all had a significant relationship with the utilization of dental health services at primary health care facilities (p-value <0.001). The conclusion of this study is that all variables are significantly associated with the utilization of dental health services at primary health care facilities in West Java Province
Dental health is an integral part of overall body health, and dental health problems contribute significantly to the burden of disease. This study aims to analyze the influence of various variables on the utilization of dental health services at the Primary Health Care (FKTP) based on BPJS sample data in 2023. The research design used the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with a total sample of 8,694 participants who utilized dental health services at FKTP in West Java Province. The results showed that the variables of age 15-64 years, female gender, residence in the city, marital status, location of city primary health care facilities, type of primary health care facilities, and PPU membership segment all had a significant relationship with the utilization of dental health services at primary health care facilities (p-value <0.001). The conclusion of this study is that all variables are significantly associated with the utilization of dental health services at primary health care facilities in West Java Province
S-12115
Depok : FKM UI, 2025
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Laela Indawati; Pembimbing: Wiku Bakti Bawono Adisasmito; Penguji: Pujiyanto, Rokiah Kusumapradja, Indah Kristina
Abstrak:
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi adanya pengembalian klaim rawat inap pasien BPJS dikarenakan 4 faktor, salah satunya terkait konfirmasi koding atau ketidaksesuaian pengkodean terhadap diagnosis atau tindakan yang diberikan rata rata sebesar 30% dari berkas yang dikembalikan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Tehnik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, studi literature dan wawancara. Pengembalian klaim pasien rawat inap terkait akurasi koding diantaranya karena kode tidak tepat, kurangnya pemeriksaan penunjang pendukung diagnosis, dan ketidaksesuaian dengan rule MB dan konsensus. Disarankan ada satu pedoman kerja yang mengatur tugas hak wewenang dan tanggung jawab dari masing masing profesi seperti dokter, koder, dan verifikator BPJS. Kata kunci : JKN, BPJS, Akurasi koding, ICD 10, Klaim
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T-4795
Depok : FKM-UI, 2016
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Yoana Samuela; Pembimbing: Vetty Yulianty Permanasari; Penguji: Atik Nurwahyuni, Khaterina Kristina Manurung
Abstrak:
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Latar belakang: Penyakit jantung iskemik merupakan salah satu penyakit dengan beban biaya katastropik secara global. Pada tahun 2022, penyakit jantung iskemik di Indonesia masih menjadi penyumbang terbesar pengeluaran anggaran BPJS Kesehatan dengan jumlah 15,5 juta kasus dan menghambiskan dana sebesar 12 triliun. Tujuan: Melalui hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas analisis Cost of Illness (COI) peserta JKN dari perspektif BPJS Kesehatan Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional dengan analisis univariat dan bivariat. Sampel penelitian adalah peserta JKN dengan diagnosis primer penyakit jantung iskemik (I20-I25). Hasil: Pada tahun 2022, rata-rata biaya akibat sakit (cost of illness) adalah sebesar Rp11.963.200,-, melalui hasil ini, biaya peserta kemudian dikategorikan menjadi rendah dan tinggi. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa yang menjadi pemicu tingginya biaya penyakit jantung iskemik peserta JKN Tahun 2022 di antaranya adalah peserta JKN dengan usia 50 – 74 tahun (p-value<0,05), peserta dengan Jenis Kelamin laki-laki (p-value<0,05), wilayah Regional 1 FKRTL (p-value<0,05), Status Perkawinan yaitu status kawin (p-value<0,05), Lama Hari Rawat di atas rata-rata hari rawat (3,8 hari) (p-value<0,05), Diagnosis Primer dari Infark Miokard Akut (p value<0,05), Tingkat Keparahan (Ringan, Sedang, dan Berat) (p-value<0,05), Kepemilikan FKRTL (p-value<0,05), Kelas Perawatan (p-value<0,05), dan adanya Intervensi Koroner Perkutan (p-value<0,05).
Background: Ischemic heart disease is one of the most catastrophic diseases globally. In 2022, ischemic heart disease in Indonesia is still the largest contributor to BPJS Health budget expenditure with 15.5 million cases and 12 trillion in funds. Objective: Through this, this study aims to discuss the Cost of Illness (COI) analysis of JKN participants from the perspective of BPJS Health Methods: This study used an observational study design with a cross-sectional approach with univariate and bivariate analysis. The study sample was JKN participants with a primary diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (I20-I25). Results: In 2022, the average cost of illness was IDR 11,963,200, Through these results, participants' costs were then categorized into low and high. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it was found that the triggers of high costs of ischemic heart disease for JKN participants in 2022 included JKN participants aged 50 - 74 years (p-value <0.05), participants with male gender (p-value <0.05), FKRTL Regional 1 region (p value <0.05), marital status, namely married status (p-value <0, 05), Length of Stay above the average length of stay (3.8 days) (p-value<0.05), Primary Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction (p-value<0.05), Severity Level (Mild, Moderate, and Severe) (p value<0.05), FKRTL Ownership (p-value<0.05), Treatment Class (p-value<0.05), and presence of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (p-value<0.05).
S-11680
Depok : FKM UI, 2024
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Asmira Dayanti; Pembimbing: Atik Nurwahyuni; Penguji: Kurnia Sari, Khaterina Kristina Manurung
Abstrak:
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan utilisasi Rawat Jalan Tingkat Lanjut (RJTL) Oleh Peserta JKN Di Wilayah Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional menggunakan data sampel BPJS Kesehatan Tahun 2015-2019. Sampel yang diperoleh sebesar 64.697. Uji hubungan dianalisis melalui uji Single Logistic Regression dengan menggunakan software program pengolah data. Hasil penelitian didapatkan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan rawat jalan di Sumatera Utara rendah yaitu 7,56% dan utilisasi kesehatan rawat jalan tingkat lanjut banyak diakses oleh peserta dengan kelompok lansia (12,75%), berjenis kelamin perempuan (9,01%), status pernikahan cerai (16,98%), hak kelas rawat kelas I (10,94%), dengan segmen kepesertaan PBPU (15,2%), hubungan keluarga sebagai istri (11,35%), jenis FKTP adalah klinik pratama (10,52%), kepemilikan faskes dari swasta (10,14%), berdomisili di wilayah Regional IV (9,62%) dan berdomisili di Kota (10,27%). Seluruh varaibel yang diteliti bermakna secara statistic untuk lebih berkemungkinan melakukan pelayanan kesehatan rawat jalan tingkat lanjut di Provinsi Sumatera Utara.
This study aims to determine the factors related to the utilization of Advanced Outpatient Care (RJTL) by Jkn Participants in the Province of North Sumatra (BPJS Health Sample Data for 2015-2019). This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design using BPJS sample data. Health Year 2015-2019. The sample obtained was 64.697. Relationship test was analyzed using data processing program. The results showed that the utilization of outpatient health services in North Sumatra was low at 7.56% and the utilization of advanced outpatient health services was mostly accessed by participants with elderly age (12,75%), female (9,01%), divorce marital status (16,98%), class I care rights (10,94%), with the PBPU membership segment (15,2%), family relations as wife (11,35%), the type of FKTP is klinik pratama (10,52 %), ownership of health facilities from the private (10,14%), domiciled in Regional IV(9,62%) and domiciled in the district (10,27%). All the variables studied were statistically significant to be more likely to perform advanced outpatient health services in North Sumatra Province
S-11184
Depok : FKMUI, 2023
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Berdita; Pembimbing: Kemal N. Siregar; Penguji: Indang Trihandini, Besral, Kristina, Vinny Sutriani Tobing
T-4071
Depok : FKM UI, 2014
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Hasan Sadikin; Pembimbing: Wiku Bakti Bawono Adisasmito; Penguji: Pujiyanto, Wahyu Sulistiadi, Muharam, Indah Kristina
Abstrak:
Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) yang diselenggarakan oleh Badan JaminanSosial (BPJS) Kesehatan telah mulai dilaksanakan dari 1 Program AsuransiKesehatan di Indonesia Januari 2014. Pelaksanaan program asuransi nasionalmenemukan risiko. Risiko kejadian fraud (kecurangan) di Indonesia sangat tinggitetapi masih sulit untuk mengidentifikasi risiko kejadian fraud. Hal tersebutdidukung oleh kurangnya kesadaran semua pihak baik dari pasien, provider danperusahaan asuransi walaupun tindakan tersebut sangat terasa adanya. Penipuankesehatan merupakan ancaman serius bagi seluruh dunia, yang menyebabkanpenyalahgunaan keuangan sumber daya yang langka dan dampak negatif padaakses kesehatan, infrastruktur, dan determinan sosial kesehatan. Penipuankesehatan dikaitkan dengan meningkatnya biaya kesehatan yang terjadi diAmerika Serikat. Penelitian ini untuk menganalisis tentang pengaruh dimensifraud triangle dalam kebijakan pencegahan fraud terhadap program JaminanKesehatan Nasional yang merupakan alasan untuk penipuankesehatan.Penelitianini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Tehnik pengumpulan data berupapedoman wawancara, alat perekam, arsip tertulis dan dokumen. Hasil penelitianmendapatkan analisis tekanan, kesempatan, dan rasionalisasi terhadap risikokejadian fraud dan menyajikan contoh bagaimana kebijakan telah berdampak diRSUP Nasional DR Cipto Mangunkusumo. Tesis ini kemudian akan memberikansaran tentang bagaimana mencegah penipuan kesehatan masa depan untukmengurangi pengeluaran kesehatan dan penggunaan sumber daya untukkepentingan RSUP Nasional DR Cipto Mangunkusumo.
Kata kunci : kecurangan, segitiga kecurangan, kebijakan pencegahan fraud,jaminan kesehatan nasional
The National Health Insurance (JKN) held by the Social Security Agency (BPJS)Health has started to be implemented from 1 Indonesia's Health InsuranceProgram in January 2014. The implementation of a national insurance programfound the risk. The risk of occurrence of fraud (fraud) in Indonesia is very highbut it is still difficult to identify fraud risk events. This is supported by the lack ofawareness of all parties, both from patients, providers and insurance companiesalthough such actions are felt presence. Health fraud is a serious threat to theentire world, which led to financial abuse of scarce resources and the negativeimpact on access to health care, infrastructure, and social determinants of health.Health fraud associated with increased health care costs in the United States. Thisstudy was to analyze the influence of the dimensions of the fraud triangle in fraudprevention policies towards the National Health Insurance program which is thereason for health fraud. This study used a qualitative approach. Data collectiontechniques such as interview guides, recorders, written records and documents.The results of a study reported stress analysis, opportunity, and rationalization ofthe risk of fraud incident and presents examples of how policy has an impact onthe National Hospital Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. This thesis will then provideadvice on how to prevent future fraudulent health to reduce health spending anduse of resources for the benefit of the National Hospital Dr. CiptoMangunkusumo.
Keywords : Fraud, fraud triangle, fraud prevention policies, national healthinsurance
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Kata kunci : kecurangan, segitiga kecurangan, kebijakan pencegahan fraud,jaminan kesehatan nasional
The National Health Insurance (JKN) held by the Social Security Agency (BPJS)Health has started to be implemented from 1 Indonesia's Health InsuranceProgram in January 2014. The implementation of a national insurance programfound the risk. The risk of occurrence of fraud (fraud) in Indonesia is very highbut it is still difficult to identify fraud risk events. This is supported by the lack ofawareness of all parties, both from patients, providers and insurance companiesalthough such actions are felt presence. Health fraud is a serious threat to theentire world, which led to financial abuse of scarce resources and the negativeimpact on access to health care, infrastructure, and social determinants of health.Health fraud associated with increased health care costs in the United States. Thisstudy was to analyze the influence of the dimensions of the fraud triangle in fraudprevention policies towards the National Health Insurance program which is thereason for health fraud. This study used a qualitative approach. Data collectiontechniques such as interview guides, recorders, written records and documents.The results of a study reported stress analysis, opportunity, and rationalization ofthe risk of fraud incident and presents examples of how policy has an impact onthe National Hospital Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. This thesis will then provideadvice on how to prevent future fraudulent health to reduce health spending anduse of resources for the benefit of the National Hospital Dr. CiptoMangunkusumo.
Keywords : Fraud, fraud triangle, fraud prevention policies, national healthinsurance
T-4672
Depok : FKM UI, 2016
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Sugeng Wigiyantoro; Pembimbing: Ede Surya Darmawan; Penguji: Sandi Iljanto, Mieke Savitri, Rosa Trifina, Kristina
Abstrak:
Resume medis merupakan ringkasan semua informasi penting pasien dan harus diisisecara lengkap dan sesuai standar karena merupakan persyaratan dokumen klaim BPJS.Data bagian klaim JKN RSUD Ade Muhammad Djoen Sintang berkas klaim BPJS pasienrawat inap yang dikembalikan karena ketidaksesuaian 4,2% - 10,2%, dan didukung databahwa berkas yang di klaim pada bulan berjalan merupakan klaim pelayanan 3 bulansebelumnya. Angka tersebut menunjukkan trennya meningkat seiring semakin banyaknyapasien BPJS. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan kepatuhan DPJP dalampengisian resume medis berdasarkan kelengkapan data resume medis dan kesesuaiandiagnosis akhir pada berkas klaim pasien rawat inap. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitiankuantitatif, pendekatan observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional yangdilaksanakan bulan april - mei 2018 kepada 14 responden dan 196 dokumen resume medis,serta mengkombinasikan pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara mendalam kepada 9informan sebagai upaya mempertajam keakuratan hasil penelitian. Hasil penelitian bahwakelengkapan data berkas resume medis 31,1%. Kesesuaian diagnosa akhir 94,4%.Kepatuhan DPJP dalam mengisi resume medis dengan kriteria berkas lengkap dan sesuai29,1%. Dari delapan variabel independen terdapat empat variabel sebagai faktor-faktoryang berpengaruh langsung terhadap kepatuhan, yaitu persepsi terhadap beban kerja,persepsi terhadap dukungan pimpinan, persepsi terhadap insentif dan persepsi terhadapsanksi. Dan hasil uji multivariat, menyatakan bahwa variabel persepsi terhadap insentifmerupakan variabel yang paling berhubungan sebesar 7,4 kali terhadap kepatuhanpengisian resume medis.
Kata kunci:Kepatuhan dokter, kelengkapan resume medis, kesesuaian diagnosis akhir.
The medical resume is a summary of all important patient information and should be fullycompleted and in accordance with the standard as it is a requirement of the BPJS claimdocument. Base on data of claims section of Regional Hospital Ade Muhammad DjoenSintang, BPJS claim file of inpatient patient returned due to incompability is about 4.2%to 10.2%, and supported data that file claimed in the current month is claim of service 3months before. This figure shows the increasing trend as more and more patients BPJS.This study aims to determine the relationship of the doctor in charge in patientcompliance in filling medical resume based on the completeness of medical resume dataand the suitability of the final diagnosis on the claim file of inpatients. This research is aquantitative research, analytic observational approach with cross sectional designconducted in april to may 2018 to 14 respondents and 196 medical resume documents,and combine qualitative approach through in-depth interview to 9 informants as an effortto sharpen the accuracy of research result. The results of the study that the completenessof medical file data resume 31.1%. Final diagnosis 94.4%. DPJP compliance incompleting medical resume with complete file criteria and appropriate 29.1%. There arefour variables as factors that directly affect the compliance are perceptions of workload,perceptions of leadership support, perceptions of incentives and perceptions ofpunishments. And the results of multivariate tests, states that the perceptual variables onincentives are the most correlated variables of 7.4 times against to the compliance ofmedical resume filling.
Keywords:Doctor's compliance, medical resume completeness, final diagnosis appropriateness.
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Kata kunci:Kepatuhan dokter, kelengkapan resume medis, kesesuaian diagnosis akhir.
The medical resume is a summary of all important patient information and should be fullycompleted and in accordance with the standard as it is a requirement of the BPJS claimdocument. Base on data of claims section of Regional Hospital Ade Muhammad DjoenSintang, BPJS claim file of inpatient patient returned due to incompability is about 4.2%to 10.2%, and supported data that file claimed in the current month is claim of service 3months before. This figure shows the increasing trend as more and more patients BPJS.This study aims to determine the relationship of the doctor in charge in patientcompliance in filling medical resume based on the completeness of medical resume dataand the suitability of the final diagnosis on the claim file of inpatients. This research is aquantitative research, analytic observational approach with cross sectional designconducted in april to may 2018 to 14 respondents and 196 medical resume documents,and combine qualitative approach through in-depth interview to 9 informants as an effortto sharpen the accuracy of research result. The results of the study that the completenessof medical file data resume 31.1%. Final diagnosis 94.4%. DPJP compliance incompleting medical resume with complete file criteria and appropriate 29.1%. There arefour variables as factors that directly affect the compliance are perceptions of workload,perceptions of leadership support, perceptions of incentives and perceptions ofpunishments. And the results of multivariate tests, states that the perceptual variables onincentives are the most correlated variables of 7.4 times against to the compliance ofmedical resume filling.
Keywords:Doctor's compliance, medical resume completeness, final diagnosis appropriateness.
B-1981
Depok : FKM UI, 2018
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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