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Pestisida banyak memberi andil dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Dalam bidang kesehatan masyarakat pestisida digunakan untuk mengendalikan vektor penyakit menular sehingga dapat menurunkan prevalensi penyakit seperti: malaria, demam berdarah, pes dan sebagainya. Namun dengan sifatnya sebagai racun biosid, efek pestisida tidak saja berlaku bagi hama yang menjadi target sasarannya, tapi juga memberikan dampak negative terhadap mahluk hidup lainnya termasuk manusia.DKI Jakarta sebagai kota jasa memiliki 97 perusahaan yang bergerak dalam jasa pelayanan pest control dengan pekerjanya memiliki resiko keracunan kronik dengan paparan tinggi, ini dapat dilihat dari hasil pemeriksaan cholinesterase darah teknisi yang menunjukan telah terjadinya keracunan, dan pada tahun 2001 angka prevalensinya mencapai 8,2%.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan atas pelindung diri dengan aktifitas cholinesterase pada teknisi perusahaan pest control di DKI Jakarta pada tahun 2002. Ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan metoda case control. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah teknisi pada perusahaan pest control yang memiliki aktifitas cholinesterase tidak normal (2,3) dari hasil pemeriksaan pada tahun 2001 sebagai kasus dan teknisi dengan hasil pemeriksaan aktifitas cholinesterase normal sebagai kontrol pada perusahaan yang sama dengan kasus bekerja dengan perbandingan 1:2 (40 kasus dan 80 kontrol). Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji chi square dan analisis inultivariate logistic regression.Hasil uji analisis logistik diketahui ada hubungan yang signifikan antara penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) dengan aktifitas cholinesterase pada teknisi pest control di DKI Jakarta dengan OR 2,995 ( CI 95%: 1,303-6,886) yang berani risiko teknisi dengan aktifitas cholinesterase tidak normal 2,995 kali terjadi pada teknisi yang tidak menggunakan APD lengkap dibanding teknisi dengan cholinesterase normal setelah dikontrol oleh variable lain yaitu perilaku dan makan, minum dan atau merokok selama bekerja.Disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan APD mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan aktifitas cholinesterase pada teknisi pest control, dan untuk melakukan penanggulangan dan pencegahan masalah ini yaitu dengan memberikan perhatian dan penekanan pada penggunaan APD yang tidak lengkap, dan melakukan upaya-upaya yang berkaitan diantaranya peningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran pada teknisi dan melakukan pengawasan terhadap penggunaannya serta melakukan pembinaan bagi perusahaan agar menyediakan APD secara lengkap dan sesuai persyaratan.Daftar bacaan : 53 (1983 - 2002)
The Influence of Ppe Using with Cholinesterase Activity on the Technicians of Pest Control Relation Company in DKI Jakarta, 2002Pesticide gives many roles in community welfare. Within public Health field, pesticide is used to control infected diseases so it can reduce disease infection such as: malaria, DBD, pest, and etc. However, with poisoning property as biosid, pesticide effects acts not only to the plant disease as a target but to other creatures as well including human being.Jakarta as a service city has 97 company which running service of pest control field where the employees has the risk against chronic poisoning with high exposure. It can be seen from cholinesterase blood examination of the technicians which showed the poisoning has occurred. And in the year of 2001, the prevalence reaches 8,2%.The research purpose to find out the influences of PPE using (Personnel Protective Equipment) with cholinesterase activity on technicians of pest control Company in DKI Jakarta , 2002. This is Observational research, with case control method. The respondents are the technicians of pest control company having abnormal cholinesterase activity obtained from examination result in 2001 as the case , while examination result of technicians with normal cholinesterase activity as the control in the same company with comparison of occupational case 1:2 (40 cases and 80 controls). Data analysis used chi square test and regression logistic multivariate analysis.Logistic analysis test showed that there is significant relation between using of PPE with the cholinesterase activity on the technicians of pest control company in DKI Jakarta with OR 2,995 (CI 95%; 1,303 -- 6,886), it means that technicians risk against abnormal cholinesterase activity is 2,995 times occurs to the technicians without using completed PPE compared to technicians with normal cholinesterase, and controlled by another variabeles, that is practice and habitual of eat, drink and smoking usually working.It is concluded that PPE using has significant relation to the cholinesterase activity on the technicians of pest control company. Prevention and protection is conducted by giving attention for the inappropriate PPE , and by applying some related efforts such as increasing knowledge, technicians awareness, and monitoring to the PPE, and developing company as well by serving appropriate PPE.References : 53 (1983-2002)
Latar Belakang : Peningkatan prevalensi penderita hipertensi di masyarakat DKI Jakarta disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor yang dapat dimodifikas maupun tidak. Aktifitas fisik sehagai salah satu lilktor yang dapat mencegah hipertensi perlu mendapat perhatian yang lebih karena faktor ini termasuk: salah satu faktor yang dapat dimodifikasi dengan usaha dan biaya yang tidak terlaiu besar.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya besar hubungan antara kejadian hipertensi dengan aktivitas fisik pada masyarakat di lima wilayah DKI Jakarta tahun 2006. Metode : Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan disain cross sectional dan dianalisis secara kohort menggunakan data sekwtder dari survey faktor resiko PTM utama di lima wilayah DKI Jakarta tahun 2006. Kasus ekspos adalah subyek yang melakukan aktivitas fisik renda yang berjumlah 668 orang subyek dan non ekspos adalah subyek yang melakukan aktivitas tinggi sejumlah 668 orang. Perbandingan kasus ekspos dan non ekspos adalah 1:1, hingga jumlah keseluruhan subyek penelitian 1336 subyek. Hasil : Hasil penelitian mendapatkan proporsi hipertensi pada subyek yang beraktivitas rendah sebesar 65,5% dab pada subyek yang beraktivitas tinggi 58 8%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas fisik berhubungan secara signiflkan dengan kejadian hipertensi. Dengan nilai p (p value) = 0,0001, setelah dikontrol oleh variabel jenis kelamin dan peketjaan didapat OR aktivitas tinggi 0,750 dengan 95% CI (0,601- 0,937) menunjukkan bahwa dengan beraktivitas dapat mengurangi risiko untuk menderita penyakit hipertensi sebesar 4 kali. Dalam penelitian ini variabel Jenis kelamin. umur, tingkat pendidilcan, status perkawinan, diaberes mellitus, hiperkolesterol, low HDL, IMT, dan pekerjaan semua mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian hipertensi (nilai p < α), sementara variabel merokok, hiper LDL dan kecukupen serat walaupun berhubungan tetapi hubungannya dengan hipertensi tidak signiflkan (nilai p > a). Kesimpulan : Aktivittas fisik tinggi dapat mengurangi resiko untuk terkena penyakit hipertensi, semakln sering kita me1akukan aktivitas fisik semakin rendah resiko untuk menderita penyakit. Subyek yang melakukan aktifitas fisik rendah lebih beresiko untuk terkena hipertensi 4 kali dibanding subyek yang melakukan aktifitas fisik tinggi.
Hypertension has become the most common non-communicable disease globally. It is estimated that around 40% of the world's population has hypertension. Emotional stress is one of its modifiable risk factors. In productive age individuals, most of their time is spent at work so they are very vulnerable to being exposed to occupational stress which in a prolonged period will have an impact on the health of workers. A driver is one of ten types of work with high level of occupational stress. This study aims to determine the association of occupational stress with hypertension in workers who are private drivers in a transportation fleet company PT Prima Armada Raya DKI Jakarta. The cross-sectional study design was conducted on 229 workers who were active during May-June 2021. Work stress was assessed using a Stress Diagnosis Survey (SDS) 30 questionnaire which aims to assess several components such as role ambiguity, role conflict, quantitative-work overload, qualitative-work overload, career development and responsibility towards others. The results of multivariate analysis showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between work stress and hypertension (PR 8.345 (95% CI: 1.010-68.946; p-value: 0.049) after being controlled by covariate variables, namely age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, level of physical activity, history of family hypertension and obesity. Periodic medical check-up programs and work stress management are important as interventions in preventing the occurrence of hypertension due to occupational stress. Further research on other types of professions may need to be done
Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut (ISPA) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan global terutama di negara berkembang. Di Indonesia angka kesakitan ISPA menempati urutan pertama. Demikian pula pada jemaah haji Indonesia. selama menjalani ibadah haji di Arab Saudi. Berdasarkan hasil laporan pelayanan kesehatan haji Indonesia di Arab Saudi, proporsi kunjungan kesakitan ISPA mencapai 51.18% (tahun 2000) dan 59.37 % (tahun 2001) yang, merupakan angka kunjungan kesakitan tertinggi dibandingkan penyakit lain. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh makanan tambahan ganggang biru hijau (Food Suplemen Spirulina) terhadap kejadian kesakitan ISPA pada jemaah haji kelompok terbang (kloter) 54 - JKG DKI Jakarta selama pelaksanaan haji di Arab Saudi tahun 2002. Desain penelitian adalah randomized controlled trial double blind dengan penentuan kelompok penelitian (perlakuan dan kontrol) dilakukan secara acak berstrata dari 250 responden terpilih. Jumlah sampel diperoleh dari 430 orang calon responden sesuai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Jumlah sampel yang dapat dianalisis sebanyak 189 responden (96.43% dari sampel minimal = 196) dengan rincian kelompok perlakuan 94 orang dan kelompok kontrol 95 orang, kekuatan (power) penelitian 86.8%. Hasil analisis randomisasi menunjukkan kelompok perlakuan sebanding (komparabilitas) dengan kelompok kontrol. Berdasarkan keseluruhan proses analisis, dari enam variabel yang diduga kemungkinan mempengaruhi tindakan perlakuan dan kejadian ISPA hanya variabel vitamin yang memberi efek terhadap Spirulina dengan hasil uji homogenitas diperoleh nilai p < 0.001. Dan berdasarkan hasil analisis akhir diperoleh bahwa apabila seorang jemaah haji kloter 54 - JKG DKI Jakarta tidak mengkonsumsi Spirulina dan vitamin selama melaksanakan ibadah haji mempunyai risiko untuk menderita ISPA sebesar dua kali dibandingkan mereka yang mengkonsumsi keduanya. Apabila jemaah haji mengkonsumsi vitamin saja, maka akan mempunyai risiko untuk menderita ISPA sebesar tiga perlima kali (RR F 0.61, 95% CI = 0.26 - 1.43) atau akan memperoleh perlindungan sebesar satu setengah kali dibandingkan mereka yang tidak mengkonsumsi keduanya. Sedangkan apabila jemaah haji hanya mengkonsumsi Spirulina saja, maka akan mempunyai risiko menderita ISPA sebesar setengah kali (RR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.35 - 0.75) atau akan memperoleh perlindungan sebesar dua kali untuk tidak menderita ISPA dibandingkan dengan mereka yang tidak mengkonsumsi Spiru/ina dan vitamin. Tetapi bila seorang jemaah haji kloter 54 - JKG DKI Jakarta mengkonsumsi Spirulina dan vitamin ternyata mempunyai risiko tiga perlima kali untuk menderita ISPA dibanding mereka yang tidak mengkonsumsi keduanya atau hampir tidak berbeda dengan apabila jemaah haji hanya mengkonsumsi vitamin saja, namun tidak berpengaruh bermakna karena nilai rentang RR dengan 95% confiden interval melampui nilai 0 (RR = 0.56, dengan 95% CI = 0.28 -1,12). Sehingga berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara mengkonsumsi makanan tambahan ganggang biru hijau (food suplemen Spirulina) terhadap kejadian kesakitan 1SPA. Untuk menunjang program upaya peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan terhadap haji Indonesia di tanah air dan di Arab Saudi, maka makanan tambahan Spirulina dapat diberikan kepada calon jemaah haji dengan karakteristik yang sama dengan kloter 54 - JKG DKI Jakarta atau jemaah haji Indonesia lainnya secara hati-hati. Spirulina yang diberikan kepada jemaah haji kloter 54 - JKG DKI Jakarta merupakan makanan tambahan yang tinggi protein dan mengandung komponen lain yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan gizi jemaah haji dalam mengimbangi kondisi lingkungan Arab Saudi yang tidak bersahabat dengan mobilitas dan aktifitas ibadah yang tinggi dalam waktu yang terbatas. Disamping itu, masih perlu dilakukan penelitian yang lebih representatif dan luas untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh tunggal dan efek samping pemberian Spirulina tidak hanya pada jemaah haji, tetapi juga terhadap masyarakat luas.
The effect of Food Supplement Spirulina on the phenomenon of Acute Respiratory Infection to the Haj Pilgrimage of Flight Group 54 -JKG of Jakarta of the year 2002Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) has been a global health problem particularly in developing countries. In Indonesia ARI takes the first sequence of illness. So as for the Indonesian haj collective pilgrimage during their haj ritual performance in Saudi Arabia, the proportion of ARI illness visit reached rate, 51.18 % (in 2000) and .59.37 % (in 2001) which formed the highest illness visit compared to other illness. This research was done to find out the effect of Food Supplement Spirulina to the ARI illness of the haj pilgrimage of flight group 54 - JKG of Jakarta during the haj pilgrim operational in Saudi Arabia in the year 2002. Research group determination (treatment and control) were taken randomly level from 250 persons out of 430 persons of prospective respondent. The number of samples which could be analyzed were 189 respondents (96.43 % of the minimum sample = 196) as specified that the treated group were 94 persons and controlled group were 95 persons, the research power was 86.8 %. The result of randomized analysis indicated the treated group was comparable with controlled group. Based on the whole analysis process of the six variables that were suspected had the probable influenced the treatment and AR.1 event only the vitamin variable which caused effect to Spirulina with homogeneity test the value p < 0.001. And based on the final research analysis it was obtained that if a haj pilgrimage of flight group 54 - JKG of Jakarta has not consumed Spirulina and vitamin during his ha ritual performance would have the risk of suffering from ARI two times compared to those who have consumed both Spirulina and vitamin. If the haj pilgrimage consumed only vitamin, there was the probability of risk of suffering from ARI to the rate of three upon five (3I5) times (RR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.26 - 1.43) or would gain one and half times protection compared to those who have not consumed both Spirulina and vitamin. Whereas if a haj pilgrimage has consumed only Spirulina, would have the probable risk of suffering from ARI a half time (RR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.35 - 0.75) or would gain two times protection of not suffering from ARI compared to those who have not consumed Spirulina and vitamin. But if a haj pilgrimage of flight group 54 - JKG of half time (RR - 0.51, 95% CI = 0.35 - 0.75) or would gain two times protection of not suffering from ARI compared to those who have not consumed Spirulina and vitamin. But if a haj pilgrimage of flight group 54 - JIG of Jakarta has consumed Spirulina and vitamin apparently had the risk of three upon five (315) times of suffering from ARI compared to those who have not consumed both Spirulina and vitamin or almost not different from if the haj pilgrimage has consumed only vitamin, yet has not have senseful influence because of the stretching value RR with 95% confidence interval exceed the value 0 (RR = 0,56, by 95% CI = 0.28 - 1.12). Therefore based on the result of this research it could be concluded that there is a significant effect between consuming the food supplement Spirulina upon the ARI illness. In supporting the establishment program in the effort of improving the Indonesian haj health service in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia, the food supplement Spirulina is regarded to be reasonable to be carefully given to the prospective haj pilgrimage with the similar characteristic to the haj pilgrimage of flight group 54 - JKG of Jakarta or other Indonesian haj pilgrimage. Spirulina which was given to the haj pilgrimage flight group 54 - JKG of Jakarta is a food supplement with high protein and contains other components, which is suitable for the body nutrient in matching with the unpleasant environment condition of Saudi Arabia with mobility and heavy activities of ha ritual performance in the very limited time. Beside representative and extensive research is necessary to be operated to realize how great is the single influence and the side effect of supplying the Spirulina not only to the haj pilgrimage, but also to the public.
Penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DM tipe 2) merupakan penyakit metabolik kronik yang betkaitan gaya hidup, penyakit ini semakin meningkat jumlahnya dan saat ini penyakit diabetes melitus sudah merupakan salah satu ancaman utama kesehatan umat manusia jumlah penderita penyakit DM tipe 2 di negara maju maupun negara berkembang terus meningkat setiap tahun. Indonesia menempati urutan ke 4 jumlah penderita DM di dunia setelah India, Cina, Amerika Serikat Penyakit ini tidak bisa ditumbuhkan dan dampak yaug ditimbulkan dari penyakit ini melipuli beberapa aspek antara lain aspek personal sosial dan ekonomi Upaya pencegahan yang paling baik agar insiden DM tipe 2 tidak meningkat adalah dengan mengendalikan faktor risikonya. Salah satu Faktor risiko yang dapat diubah yang ada pada seseorang adalah meningkatkan aktifitus fisik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang melihat aktifitas fisik dengan risiko kejadian DM tipe 2 di lima wilayah DKI Jakarta, subyek yang terlihat dalam penelitian ini adalah DKI Jakarta yang berusia 25 s/d 64 talum. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena adanya kecenderungan peningkatan prevelen DM lipe 2 di masyarakat dan terjadinya perubahan gaya hidup dimasyarakat yang lebib banyak menyukai gaya hidup inaktif. Penelilian ini menggunakan pendekalan kuantitalif dengan disain penelitian kasus kontrol menggunakan data sekunder dari data survei Faktor Risiko penyakit tidak menular di lima wilayah DKI Jakarta tahun 2006. Yang menjadi kasus pada penelitian ini adatah subyek dengan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium glukosa darah dinyatakan DM oleh dokter, sedangkan kontrol adalah subyek dengan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium glukosa darah dinyatakaa tidak DM oleh dokter Jumlah sampel dalam penelilian ini adatah 575 subyek. Analisa data dilkukan dengan uji chi square dan analisis multivariat logistic regrusion. Dari hasil penelitian temyata tidak seluruh variabel independ yang diteliti masuk dalam ltandidat model don banya t..-dapat6 wriabel yang bisa masuk dslam kand.idat model ynitu umur,IMT,Riwaynt hipertenskadm: WL, kadm: trigliserida don diet semi, don terdapal 2 variabel yang m..-upeka confounder ynitu wriobel umur don kadm: trigliserida. Pada basil ekhir pencfilian ini didapalltan niJai p value sebesar 0,306 nilai OR scbesar 0,782 (95% CI: 0,488-1,253) nilai tersebut setelah dikontrol dengan variabel umur, don kadm: trigliserida Artinya adanyalmbungan tersebut bel:sifat protektif tapi hubuogan lmebut tidek bemJakna, seltingga penelililm. ini belum bisa membuktikon bahwa ada lmbungan aktifitas fisik dengan kejadian DM tipe2. Kelermban poda penelitian ini - lain, time -adak dapat dilihat dengan jelas, masih terdapat bias dan masih dipengarubi adanya confounding_ !'ada penelitian dimasa mendatmlg perlu mempertimbangkan disoin yang lebih tepat dengan knalitas data yang lebih baik.
Diabetes mellitus disease Type 2 is a metabolic chronicle disease which directly with people life style, this disease progressively increase by bets and at this present time diabetes mellitus disease is one of main threat of health of the mankind. Amount of Diabetes mellitus disease Type 2 patients increase both in developing countries and well developed countries every single year. Indonesia is in 41h place on the amount of Diabetes mellitus patients in worlds after India. Cbina, United States (Depkes,2005). This disease cannot be healed or effect which generaled from this disease cover some aspects such as personnel, social and economic aspects. The most important prevention effort so that Diabetes mellitus disease Type 2 do not increase is by controlling the risk factor. One of Risk factor available for alknd on the someone is increasing the physical activity. This r=h is a research focus in physical activity and the occurrence of Diabetes mellitus disease Type 2 in live region in DKI subjects in this research are people with age of25 to 64 year. Main reason of this research caused hy tendency of the increasing prevalcal of Diabetes mellilns disease Type 2 in oommunity and the change of people life style where tbcy preferred to choose inactive life style. This =h apply quantitative approach by case-control design research using secondmydata from Risk Factor Non Contagious Disease data SUIVcy in five region of DKI Jalou:la 2006. Wliat beooming case at this research is subject with .result inspection of Blood glucose laboratory witb Diabeles mellitus disease Type 2, while control variable is sullject with result inspeclioo of blood glucose and no Diabetes mellitus disease Type 2 detected Amount of samples in Ibis research are 575 subjects Data analysis acoomplished with chi-square test and logistic regression multivariate analysis. From research result simply not all independent variable which checked by is admission in modeling candidate and only 6 variable which can enter in model candidate that is age, JMT, hypertension history, rate IDL, triglyceride rate and fiber diet, and !here are 2 variable which is confounder variable that is triglyceride rate and age. On the final result of this research we got value equal to 0,306, OR value equal to o,m ( 95 % Cl : 0,48&-1.253) assess after controlled with age variable, and triglyceride rate_ Which mean that there is relation, and protective bet the relation is not significant, so !bat this research not yet prove that there is relation between physical activity with the occurrence of Diabetes mellitus disease Type 2. Weakness of this research for example time sequent have no seen clearly, still there are diffraction and still influenced by the existence of connfounding.
Cervicitis is one of the Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). There is a correlation between socio-demographic development and migration with increase of the number of high-risk populations. WHO estimates there are 376 million new infections by 1 out of 4 STIs, such as chlamydia (127 million), gonorrhea (87 million), syphilis (6.3 million) and trichomoniasis (156 million). Gatot et al, showed that 11.9% of patients had cervicitis. Iskandar, et al, also showed the prevalence of cervical infections (chlamydia 9,3% and 1,2% gonorrhea). Based on the results of the SDKI, there had been an increasing trend in contraceptive use in Indonesia from 1991 to 2017. There was a statistically significant association between cervicitis and HPV infection. It will increase the risk of getting infected by HPV if cervicitis is left untreated. Additionally, a person with mucopurulent cervicitis symptoms has an increased risk of cervical cancer. This study aims to determine the relationship between the use of hormonal contraceptives and the incidence of cervicitis. This is a quantitative study with a cross sectional study design. This study used secondary data from the results of the VIA examination at the primary health care supervised by the Female Cancer Program (FcP) in DKI Jakarta in 2017-2019. The number of samples were 3563 people, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study used logistic regression to analyze the data. The prevalence of cervicitis in this study was 11.20%. There is a relationship between hormonal contraceptive use and the incidence of cervicitis which is statistically significant with p-value<0.0001. Thus, it is necessary to carry out periodic checks on women who use hormonal contraception to prevent cervicitis and cervical cancer.
High-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the necessary factor for the development of cervical cancer. The use of hormonal contraception has been associated with HR-HPV risk infection. However, the existing study results are not conclusive. There is very limited relevant data available in Indonesia. Hence, this study is aimed to evaluate the association between the use of hormonal contraceptives and infection risk of HR-HPV based on data from a 2019 screening program held by Indonesian Cancer Foundation, Jakarta branch, in Jakarta. This is a case-control study using secondary data from a cervical cancer screening program in Jakarta during January-December 2019. The case group is subjects with positive HPV-DNA test results from Hybrid Capture 2. The control group is randomly selected from the screening participants with negative HPV-DNA test results, with a ratio with the case is 2:1, and frequency matched based on area of domicile. Data is analyzed using multivariate analysis, unconditional logistic regression. The number of case in this study is 172 and 344 subjects in the control group. The prevalence of HR-HPV infection from the whole screening program is 6,56%. Most study participants were not using any kind of contraception methods (62,79% cases; 49,13% control). The risk of HR-HPV is crude OR 0,64 (95% CI 0,39-1,04, p=0,06) and adjusted OR 0,97 (95% CI 0,53-1,79; p=0,93). in current user of hormonal contraceptives. Whilst the association in the past users of hormonal contraception prior the test is crude OR 0,55 (95%CI 0,37-0,83; p=0,002) and adjusted OR 0,53 (95% 0,34-0,82; p=0,005). There is no significant association between the current user of hormonal contraceptives and the risk of HR-HPV infection. On the other hand there is a significant negative association in the past user group.
500 mg with Vitamin E 200 mg to Decrease Oxidative Stress and Increase Antioxidant on Technician Crew Military Aircraft. Oxidative stress is pathological condition body that is caused by imbalance between oxidants with antioxidants body, which produces free radicals that can lead cell damage early. Free radical will bind building blocks cell covering of fat, protein and DNA will result damage cell, so cell can not regenerate that affect onset of degenerative diseases. Technicians crew military aircraft as specialized personnel with activity job direct contact with material oxidant, thus high risk of oxidative stress. Vitamin C and vitamin E are antioxidant enzyme exogen outside body which has role inhibiting oxidative stress, so oxidative stress does not occur. The design study experimental studies with intervention randomized double blind controled trial. Sample size 206 people divided into two groups are intervention group with sample size 103 people are given supplements combination vitamin C 500 mg with vitamin E 200 mg and control group with sample size 103 people are given placebo for 40 days without break. Data collected include are characteristics of respondent, pattern and amount of consumption of vitamin C, vitamin E and nutrient food, derived from food frequecy questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-hour recall, examination of oxidative stress by checking levels malondialdehyde (MDA) and examination of antioxidant by checking levels glutathione (GSH) in blood serum in pre and post intervention. The results showed decrease oxidative stress in group intervention who are received suplement combination vitamin C 500 mg with vitamin E 200 mg compared with control group who are received placebo, are significant with p value 0.04 with effects size -0.089 nmol/mL, confidence interval 95 % (-0.17875 - 0.00095). No increase antioxidants in group intervention who are received supplement combination vitamin C 500 mg with vitamin E 200 mg compared with control group who are received placebo, are not significant with p value 0.81 with effects size -0.019 ug/mL, 95% confidence interval ( -0.140 - 0.180).
