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Anemia remains public health issue that needs attention. Adolescent girls are thevulnerable group. Besides in their growth period condition, also the risk of theirmenstruation. Though adolescent girls are mother candidates, early efforts of nutritionalintervention should be implemented. Iron supplementation program is done to preventand cope with anemia and increase iron status of adolescent girls, although not alwayswork due to various factors. The objective of this study was to prove teacher support asthe dominant factor associated with hemoglobin level changes of adolescent girls in thisprogram. This research was conducted with cross-sectional design in two junior highschools beneficiaries program in Bekasi City with 175 adolescent girls subject. Thechanges of hemoglobin data was obtained from the difference of hemoglobin levelbefore and after measurement by giving iron supplementation for 10 weeks, which weresecondary data (ethics approved). Other data such as school support, characteristics ofadolescent girls, consumption patterns and characteristics of mothers were obtainedthrough interviewing based on questionnaire. The results of the study was Ironsupplementation effectively increased hemoglobin levels of adolescent girls (p = 0.005).Multiple linear regression analysis found that teacher support was the dominant factorassociated with changes in hemoglobin levels. This proves that completion of specificnutritional interventions requires sensitive efforts from the non-health sector. It issuggested to increase cross-sector collaboration in health program implementationespecially school-based Iron supplementation program.Keywords: anemia, adolescent girls, school-based iron supplementation, teacher,hemoglobin.
Anemia Gizi yang disebabkan karena kekurangan zat besi masih merupakan salah satu masalah gizi utama di Indonesia. Survai Kesehatan Rumah Tangga (SKRT) tahun 1995 menunjukkan bahwa 57,1% Remaja Putri (usia 10-14 tahun) dan 39,5% Wanita Usia Subur (WUS) menderita anemia. Hasil penelitian pada remaja putri di SMUN 3 Padang tahun 1999 juga menunjukkan angka anemia yang cukup tinggi yaitu 25,6%. Namun sejauh ini belum diketahui faktor-faktor apa yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya anemia atau rendahnya kadar hemoglobin pada siswi tersebut.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh gambaran asupan zat gizi terutama energi, protein, vitamin C, dan zat besi serta faktor lainnya yang berkaitan dengan kejadian anemia. Penelitian dilakukan pada siswi SMUN 3 Kota Padang Provinsi Sumatera Barat Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara purposive sampling sedangkan pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara systematic random sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 192 orang siswi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan besarnya prevalensi anemia sebesar 29,2%. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara asupan zat gizi (energi,protein, zat besi) dengan kadar Hb siswi (p< 0,05). Faktor pendapatan per kapita berhubungan secara bermakna terhadap kadar Hb, sedangkan tingginya konsumsi bahan makanan penghambat absorbsi zat besi, rendahnya konsumsi bahan makanan peningkat absorbsi zat besi, pola haid yang lama, dan pendidikan ibu yang rendah menunjukkan persentase kejadian anemia yang lebih tinggi walaupun tidak bermakna secara uji statistik. Dan uji multivariat ditemukan 2 (dua) faktor yang berhubungan secara bermakna dengan kadar Hb yaitu asupan protein dan pendapatan per kapita keluarga. Asupan protein merupakan faktor dominan berhubungan dengan kadar Hb.Dari hasil penelitian disarankan kepada sekolah untuk mengembangkan program pencegahan dan penanggulangan anemia dengan pendidikan kesehatan dan gizi melalui diskusi peer group secara berkala, pengembangan materi KIE yang menarik sesuai dengan minat remaja, pengadaan dan pemberian tablet tambah darah bagi siswi pada saat haid, pemeriksaan Hb secara berkala, dan pemberian tablet tambah darah bagi yang anemia. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan bekerja sama dengan organisasi BP3,OSIS, Puskesmas/Dinas Kesehatan Kota Padang, Akademi Gizi Padang, dan Distributor obat.Perlu penelitian dengan ruang lingkup lebih luas untuk mengetahui besarnya permasalahan anemia gizi di Kota Padang, khususnya pada remaja putri sebagai calon ibu agar mutu SDM dapat lebih dioptimalkan.
Nutritional Anemia, and specifically iron deficiency anemia remains one of the most severe and important nutritional deficiencies in Indonesia to day. The household health survey (SKRT) conducted in 1995 showed that 57,1% of adolescent girls (10-14 years old) and 39,5% women of reproductive age (15-44 years old) suffered from anemia. The result of survey on adolescent school girls at SMUN 3 Padang in 1999, showed that prevalence of nutritional anemia among that girls was 25,6%. So far, the factors which are related to that problem not yet known. The potential consequences of anemia in adolescent girls may include fatigue, impaired physical performance, lowered endurance, reduced attention span, decreased school performance and leads to increased risk for morbidity and mortality among pregnant women.The objective of this study was to find out the description of nutrients intake (energy, protein, vitamin C, iron) and other factors related to hemoglobin concentration in adolescent school girls. The study has been done for adolescent school girls at SMUN 3 Padang, West Sumatera. Research designed was using cross sectional study and location of the study based on purposive sampling. Sampling used by systematic random sampling and sample size were 192 adolescent school girls.The results indicates that 29,2% of adolescent schoolgirls was suffered from anemia (Hb concentration < 12 g/dl) and nutrients intake (energy, protein, iron) had significant relation to concentration of hemoglobin of adolescent schoolgirls (p<0,05). The household income per capita also had statistically significant relation to concentration of hemoglobin, while high consumption of inhibitor factor of iron absorption, low consumption of enhancer factor of iron absorption, length of menstruation patterns, and low level of mother education had relation to concentration of hemoglobin but non significant by using statistics. Results of multivariate statistics showed that 2 (two) factors which are protein intake and household income per capita were related significantly with hemoglobin concentration. Protein intake was dominant factor related to hemoglobin concentration.According to the results of the study the author suggests to school to develop preventive and curative program through health and nutrition education with peer group discussion regularly, to develop the attractive material for IEC, to provide and gives iron supplementation to menstrual school girls, to assess hemoglobin concentration regularly, and gives iron supplementation to anemic girls. The activity can be done by teamwork with BP3 organization, OSIS, Public Health Center/Padang Health District, Academy of Nutrition, and Pharmacy Distributor.It needed a study with wide-scale to investigate the problem of nutritional anemia in Padang city, especially in adolescent girls as future mothers in order to make human resources optimalized.
Female adolescent student in boarding school are vulnerable in having anemia because pesantren’s life style is full of activicities and the students is far from their parents its causes irregular eating habit and lack of nutrition in their meals. This research compared the differences of haemoglobin level after weekly Fe tablet supplementation and weekly Fe tablet plus daily during menstruation Fe supplementation for 8 weeks. This study uses the Quasi Experimental Design The Non Equivalent Control Group. A total of 38 respondents participaten in this study 18 of them received a weekly Fe tablet Supplementation, 20 other respondents got a Fe tablet weekly plus daily during their menstruation cycle. There was a significant increase of haemoglobin level in both groups after the intervention for 8 weeks (group 1 p = 0.0005, group 2 p = 0.0005). This increase did not significant between the first and second group (p = 0.797). This study prove that 8 weeks of supplementation of Fe tablets with the high level of obedience in consuming the supplement is adequate in increasing the level of hemoglobin. The factors that can affects the increased number of hemoglobin are consumption of animal protein, consumption of inhibitors, consumption of enhancers, long menstruation cycle, knowledge, and the type of Fe tabet supplementation program.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata kadar Hb 12,9±1,1 g/dl, (95% CI: 12,7-13,0 g/dl) dan prevalensi anemia 16,5%. Lama haid merupakan faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kadar hemoglobin. Upaya pencegahan anemia dapat dilakukan dengan minum suplemen tablet tambah darah sesuai anjuran, menjaga asupan zat gizi sesuai kebutuhan, dan memperhatikan kombinasi makanan supaya dapat meningkatkan penyerapan zat besi.
Kata Kunci : Anemia, Remaja puteri, Lama haid
Anak sekolah adalah investasi bangsa karena mereka adalah generasi penerus bangsa. Merupakan kelompok usia yang sedang mengalami proses tumbuh kembang fisik dan psikosostal yang pesat. Salah satu masalah gar yang senng terjadi adalah anemia gizt. Anemia gizi best dapat menimbulkan berbagal dampak pada anak sekolah antara lain kesakitan dan kemattan akan meningkat, perkembangan otak dan pertumbuhan tisik teriambat, perkembangan motonk, mental, kecerdasan terhambat, daya tangkap belajar menurun. Revalensi anemia anak sekolah menurut laporan SKK 1 tahun 1995 sebesar 47,2%. Sedangkan hasil SKKRT 2001 menunjukkan prevalensu anemia pada kelompok umur - 14 tahun sebesar 28,3%. Salah satu strategi untuk mencegah dan menanggulangi masalati anemia jangka pendek yang telah dilakukan oleh pemenntah maupun non pemenntah diarahkan untuk membenkan suplementasi tablet besi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembenan suplementasi tablet besi dua Kali seminggu selama 12 minggu terhadap perubahan status anemia gizi dan taktor-taktor yang berhubungan dengan status anemia akhir anak SD di SU Jakarta Mara. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dan studs data dasar pembenan suplementasi tablet best yang dilakukan oleh Yayasan Kusuma Buana ( YKB) tahun LUUS pada 6 SD di Jakarta Mara dengan rancangan one group pre post test tanpa ada kelompok kontrol. Sampel berjumlah 144 anak, dengan kriteria siswa yang mendenta anemia dare kelas 111 sampai dengan kelas V, mendapat suplementasi tablet besi, ketika wawancara tidak sakit, dan belum menarche. Hasil penelitian mi menunjukkan baflwa anemia anak sekolah sebelum mendapat suplementasi 144 anak (1 N%) sedangkan anemia setelah suplementasi menurun menjadi 17 anak Hasil analisis bivariat mendapatkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara kebiasaan makan utama, dengan nilai p = 0,006 (nilai RR 1,618; 95% C1: 1,146-2,285), konsumsi sumber zat besi hem dengan nilai p= 0,021 (nilai RR 1,482; 95%CI : 1,075- 2,043 ), besar keluarga dengan nilal p = 0,045 (nilai RR 1,503; 95% 1,0114 - 2,249), pendidikan ibu dengan nilai p = 0,017 (nilai RR 1,538; 95% CI: 1,078- 2,196) terhadap status anemia akhir. Disarankan agar pemenntah (Departemen Kesehatan dan DinasKesehatan Jakarta utara) menjadikan anak sekolah sebagai salali satu prioritas sasaran program penanggulangan anemia mengingat prevalensi anemia anak sekolah masih linggi, melakukan sosialisasi tentang tmgginya prevalensi pada anak sekolah dan dampak yang ditimbulkannya. Yalu dilalcukan penyuluhan terhadap anak sekolah dan orangtua tentang kebiasaan sarapan pagi, makanan jajanan, bahan makanan sumber zat besi, penyebab dan dampak anemia. Diperlukan pula penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai suplementasi zat besi dengan menggunakan kelompok pembanding (kontrol).
Schoolchild is nation investment because they are nation next generation. It was age group that experiencing rapid physical and psychosocial development. One of the nutrition problems that often occur is nutrition anemia. Ferrum anemia could emerge various impacts to schoolchild such as sickness and death will increase, brain development and physical development pursued, motorik, mental and intelligence development pursued, and learning adding capacity decrease. Anemia prevalence of schoolchild according to SKRT 1995 is 47,2%. While SKRT 2001 result shows anemia prevalence on 5-14 years old age group 28,3%. One of the strategy to prevent and overcome short-term anemia problems that conducted by whether government or non-government suggested to give ferrum supplementation. This research was aimed to found the influence of ferrum tablet supplementation distribution twice a week for 12 weeks toward nutrition anemia status change and factors that related with last anemia status of elementary school children in six North Jakarta elementary schools. Data used is secondary data from basic data study of ferrum supplementation distribution that conducted by Kusuma Buana Foundation (YKB) year 2005 on 6 North Jakarta elementary schools using one group pre-post test design without control group. Total research subject are 144 children, using criteria of students who suffer anemia from Ill`d grade to grade, getting ferrum supplementation, when conducting interview not in sick condition and not yet menarche. This research shows that schoolchild anemia cases before getting 144 children supplementation (100%) while anemia cases after supplementation decrease to 77 children (53,5%). From bivariate analysis result obtained significant relation between main eat behavior, with p = 0,006 (RR value 1,618; 95% CI; 1,146-2,285), hem ferrum source consumption with p = 0,045 (RR value 1,503; 95% Cl; 1,004-2,249), mother education with p = 0,017 (RR value 1,538; 95% CI; 1,078-2,196) toward last anemia status. Government suggested (North Jakarta Health Department and Health Official) making schoolchild as one of the anemia prevention program target considering that schoolchild anemia prevalence still high, conducting socialization toward high prevalence of schoolchild and emerged influence. Need conducted counseling toward elementary school child and parents about breakfast behavior, snack food, food substances with ferrum source, anemia cause and impact. Further research also needed toward ferrum supplementation and using control group.
Anemia terjadi diseluruh dunia baik pada negara maju maupun pada negara terbelakang. Dampak anemia pada WUS adalah menurunkan produktivitas kerja, menurunkan imunitas, bahkan pada anemia tingkat berat dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh suplementasi MGM (Multi Gizi Mikro) dibandingkan TTD (Tablet Tambah Darah). MGM mengandung 12 Vitamin dan 4 mineral, kandungan besinya fero fumarat 20 mg. Sedangkan TTD mengandung 60 me fero sulfat dan 0,25 mg Asam folat. Disain penelitian adalah kuasi experimental non blinded, Sampel dikelompokkan menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok TTD dan kelompok MGM, masing masing terdiri dari 50 orang. Cara pengambilan sampel pada data primer adalah secara purposive. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji beda T independen, Dependeden T test, Anova dan regresi linear ganda. Variabel Dependent adalah perubahan kadar Hb, variabel independen adalah umur, status nikah, paritas, jumlah pendapatan.jumlah tanggungan keluarga, asupan zat penghambat dan peningkat besi, asupan energi, protein, Vit A, Vit C, B12, Asam Folat,kepatuhan dan komplhin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 36 % nakerwan kadar Hbnya berubah menjadi normal. Perubahan kadar Hb sebelum diberikan intervensi dibandingkan setelah diberikan suplementas: TTD mavypun MGM selama 2 bulan terdapat perubahan yang bermakna (P=0,000).Pernbahan kadar Hb pada suplementasi TTD 0,62 ar/dl, sedangkan pada suplementasi MGM 0,64 gr/di.Perbedaan perubahan kadar Hb pada suplementasi TID dan MGM tidak berbeda.P >0,05. Variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap perubahan kadar Hb adalah konsumsi zat peningkat besi. Variabel lain yang berpengaruh terhadap perubahan kadar Hb adalah Hb awal dan komplin. Variabel konfonding adalah jumlah tanggungan keluarga, jumlah hari haid, jumlah paritas,asupan protein dan kepatuhan.
Anemia is a common problem that happened in any kind of country, developed or developing country, The impact of anemia in Women Childbearing are the degradation of productivity and immunity. Heavy level of anemia can caused death. Objective of this research is to identification the difference effect between MGM (Multi Micro Nutrient) and TTD (iron tablet) supplementation. MGM contain of !2 vitamins, 4 minerals, and 20 mg Fe Fumarat. TTD contain of 60 mg Fero Sulfate and 0,25 mg Folic Acid, and MGM contain 12 kinds of Vitamin and Fero Fumarat 20 mg also 3 kinds others mineral (yodium, Zink and Selenium). Research design that used in this research is quasi experimenta) non blinded. Samples are classified as 2 classes (TTD and MGM class) with 5Q person each class and totally sampling are 100 persons. As the dependent variable is the changes of Hb concentrate, independence variable are age, marriage status, paritas, total of family income, total intake from the family, intake of prohibit nutrient and precursor of iron supplementation, protein, vitamin A, vitamin c, vitamin BJ2 and folat acid, obedient factors also supplement consumption. Suplementation given for 2 months, TTD given | tablet each week and when menarche period 10 tablets. MGM given for one week 7 sachet, for consumption each day. Analyze data using Test T independent, paired T Test, anova and regretion double linear. In this research, there is no changes of Hb contains which is significant to the group which is given TTD also MGM, p>0.05.The difference of Hb concentrate to TTD supplementation TTD 0.62 gr/dl, to MGM 0.64 gr/dl. The changes of Hb concentrate after given of TTD supplementation and MGM for 2 months there is a changes which is significant.(P=0,000).The most variable influence to changes of Hb concentrate are consumption of Iron supplement. Others variable which are influenced to changed of Hb concentrate are Hb before analyzes and reaction after consumpiion of iron supplement. Confounding variable are total of family responsibility, total of day menarche, paritas, intake of protein and compliance.
