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Kata kunci : Pelayanan Kesehatan Tingkat Lanjutan, Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), Beban Kapitasi
In Era National Social Security System, a mayor milestone of health care is primary health care as a gatekeeper. The Ministry of Health provided specialization in Jakarta to serving some additional services beyond standard in JKN program. This study discusses capitation, types of service, cost, total cost to provided secondary health service and impact of secondary health financing with capitation for basic health services. Type of research using quantitative approach with cross-sectional design, using secondary data from the visit registers and JKN participants data. Result of study found that capitation funds obtained by PHC Jagakarsa of Rp. 2.059.704.000,- during period from January to June 2014, with average participant per mouth 57.214. Type of secondary level health service is utilized are specialist services, rongent, physiotherapy, acupuncture and secondary laboratory services. The utilization rate is low (1,16%) with the most widely used service is secondary laboratory service (0,75%) and the smallest is a pediatrician service (0,02%). Costs applicable in accordance with the Gubernur regulation Number 68 of 2012 with an average value Rp.22.400,- . From calculations, the secondary health care costs by Rp.128.945.000,- or Rp 257.890.000/year (6,26% of the fund capitation). There is no significant impact on basic health services because of costs for basic services only 4,91% of total capitation. So, there is still plenty of unused funds.
Key word : Secondary health services, National Health Insurance (JKN), Capitation Expense
Reformasi telah mengubah kebijakan pembangunan nasional dimana setiap kebijakan pembangunan kesehatan diisyaratkan harus mencakup paradigma sehat. Di sisi lain, lahir pula kebijakan otonomi daerah. Sebagai salah satu implikasinya adalah dalam pembiayaan kesehatan. Alokasi anggaran daerah untuk kesehatan menjadi sangat tergantung sepenuhnya pada keputusan di tingkat daerah. Dengan adanya krisis ekonomi yang belum kunjung teratasi maka terjadi peningkatan beban pembiayaan kesehatan, di lain pihak masyarakat semakin kritis menuntut pelayanan yang bermutu. Untuk dapat mencapai pembangunan kesehatan dan kecukupan alokasi pembiayaan kesehatan maka salah satu peluang adalah mobilisasi dana melalui mekanisme peningkatan tarif terhadap pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat, dengan sayarat sesuai kemampuan membayar masyarakat. Di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat sampai saat ini belum diketahui berapa besarnya tarif Puskesmas yang rasional, Melalui penelitian ini diharapkan didapatkan gambaran tarif Puskesmas yang rasional untuk wilayah kerja Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, dengan mempertimbangkan biaya satuan, kemampuan dan kemauan membayar masyarakat dalam membayar tarif pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada dua Puskesmas yang diambil secara purposive dari sembilan Puskesmas yang ada, dengan dasar kriteria pemilihan yang ditentukan dan diharapkan dapat mewaldli Puskesmas di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Puskesmas tersebut adalah Puskesmas Kuala Tungkal II yang berada di pusat Kabupaten dan Puskesmas Pijuan Baru yang berada di desa Pijuan Baru Kecamatan Tungkal Ulu. Analisis biaya menggunakan data sekunder yang tersedia di Puskesmas pada tahun 2001. Sedangkan analisis kemampuan dan kemauan membayar masyarakat dilakukan dengan survei terhadap masyarakat di dua wilayah Puskesmas tersebut, dengan pemilihan sampel rumah tangga yang berada dalam radius 5 km dari Puskesmas, masing-masing secara acak dipilih 100 responden. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa tarif Puskesmas Rp 2.000,- yang barn diberlakukan pada bulan September 2001 berada dibawah biaya satuan normatif (Rp 7.239,- untuk Puskesmas Kuala Tungkal II sampai Rp 9.899,- untuk Puskesmas Pijuan Baru) dan dibawah kemampuan dan kemauan membayar masyarakat. Dengan simulasi tarif yang dilakukan maka dengan tarif Rp 5.000,- yang diusulkan sebagai tarif yang rasional dapat meningkatkan pendapatan dan cost recovery rate Puskesmas namun masih realistis dilihat dari tingkat kemampuan masyarakat. Terhadap sejumlah masyarakat yang tidak mampu membayar akibat kenaikan tarif hams mendapat subsidi, misalnya dengan cara pemberian "Kartu Miskin". Dafar Pustaka : 26 ( 1983 sampai 2001 )
The current reform has changed national development policies, all policies in health have to be in line with healthy paradigms. On the other hand, regional autonomy policy has been set up One implication is that allocation for health budget depend on regional decision making. The economic crisis which not been recovered yet have increased the health financial burden. Meanwhile the society demand on health services has been increasing. To achieve the health development goal and to meet the budget allocation for health, one possibility opportune is through resource mobilization i.e. pricing adjustment in public institution. Up to now the rational tariff for PHC in Tanjung Jabung Barat District has not been determined yet. This research was carried out to describe the illus the rational tariff for PHC in Tanjung Jabung Barat District by considering unit cost, as well as ability to pay. Two out of nine PHC had purposively been sampled based on certain criteria to represent all of PHC in Tanjung Jabung Barat District. The two PHCs were PHC Kuala Tungkal II in urban area and PHC Pijuan Baru on Pijuan Baru village in Tungkai Ulu district/rural area. PHC cost analysis used the secondary data in 2001, while ability to pay analysis used survey data on two selected PHC. Respondents are families who reside within the 5 km radius of the PHC. Total number of samples is 100 respondents for each PHC area. The research found that the current price of Rp 2.000,- which has been adopted since September 2001 was below the normative unit cost (Rp 7.239,- for PHC Kuala Tungkal II up to Rp 9.899,- for PHC Pijuan Baru) and the community still can afford it. From the tariff simulation it is suggested that tariff could be adjusted to Rp 5.000; increasing revenue and cost recovery rate is expected could cover the need for opeartional cost. For the poor the government should provide subsidy, for example using "Kartu Miskin". Reference: 26 (1983 - 2001)
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pajanan PM2,5 terhadap kadar total glutathione pada sopir angkutan kota Terminal Kampung Melayu.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional, dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei tahun 2019 dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 96 orang sopir dari 9 trayek angkutan kota yang masuk dan berangkat dari Terminal Kampung Melayu. Pengukuran antropometri, konsentrasi PM2,5 di udara dan karakteristik individu dilakukan serta pemeriksaan kadar GSH total pada urin yang dilakukan di Laboratorium menggunakan Glutathione Assay Kit dengan teknik colorimetric menggunakan spektrofotometer.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata konsentrasi PM2,5 di seluruh trayek angkutan kota Terminal Kampung Melayu sebesar 90,85 ± 1,83 μg/m³. Dari semua rute mikrolet, rata-rata pajanan PM2,5 lebih tinggi adalah mikrolet trayek M28 sebesar 114,85 μg/m³. Rata-rata total GSH pada urin sopir diketahui sebesar 1,29 ± 0,52 μM. PM2,5 berhubungan signifikan terhadap kadar GSH Total (p value = 0,042), namun pengaruhnya menunjukkan hubungan yang lemah (r = 0,208) dan berkorelasi negatif. Analisis multivariabel menunjukkan PM2,5 berpengaruh terhadap GSH Total sebesar 9,2% (R2 = 0,092) setelah dikontrol dengan IMT sopir, dengan hubungan negatif yang berarti semakin besar konsentrasi PM2,5 maka kadar GSH akan semakin rendah (p value = 0,026). Pengukuran kadar antioksidan sebagai penanda oksidatif stres dapat dilakukan pada sampel urin dengan menggunakan biomarker yang lebih akurat seperti GSH teroksidasi.
Kata kunci: Particulate Matter (PM2,5), Glutathione Total (GSH), Oksidatif stres, Polusi udara, Sopir angkutan umum.
Background: Particulate Matter (PM2,5), is a pollutant in the air that is harmful to human health with the risk of death increasing along with increased PM2,5 exposure. The transportation sector is one of the biggest sources of pollution in urban areas and drivers of public transport are at risk of being exposed to air pollution especially PM2.5. PM2,5 has been known to be a trigger for oxidative stress, namely the imbalance of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and antioxidants (such as total GSH) in the body which can damage to tissues, proteins, DNA and fat in cells and further caused disease in humans such as cancer, asthma, respiratory disease and inflammatory disorders.
Objective: The aims was to study the effect of PM2.5 exposure to total glutathione levels on drivers of Kampung Melayu Terminal transportation.
Method: This study uses a cross-sectional design, carried out in May 2019 with a total sample of 96 people from 9 routes of city transportation entering and departing from Kampung Melayu Terminal. Anthropometric, individual characteristics and measurements of PM2.5 in air were carried out. Examination of urinary total GSH levels carried out in the Laboratory using Glutathione Assay Kit with colorimetric techniques using a spectrophotometer.
Results: The results showed that the average PM2.5 concentration in all Kampung Melayu terminal transportation routes was 90.85 ± 1.83 μg/m³. Of all the microlet routes, the average exposure of PM2,5 is higher is the M28 route mikrolet of 114.85 μg/m³. The average of drivers urinary total GSH is 1.29 ± 0.52 μM. PM2.5 is related significantly to total GSH levels (p value = 0.042), but the effect shows a weak relationship (r = 0.208) and is negatively correlated. Multivariable analysis shows that PM2.5 affects to Total GSH at 9.2% (R2 = 0.092) after being controlled by IMT and smoking habits, with a negative relationship which means the greater the PM2.5 concentration, the Total GSH level will be lower (p value = 0.026). Measuring antioxidant levels as an oxidative marker can be done in urine samples by using more accurate biomarkers such as oxidized GSH.
Keywords: Particulate Matter (PM2,5), Total Glutathione (GSH), Oxidative stress, Air pollution, Public transport driver
