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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that can be treated, and its consequences can be prevented or delayed through proper diet, physical activity, medication, as well as regular screening and treatment of complications. However, this disease is often diagnosed several years after onset, by which time complications and comorbidities may have developed, making it one of the top 10 causes of hospitalizations. This study aims to determine the effect of severity and comorbidity on the length of hospital stay among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in advanced referral health facilities (FKRTL) among BPJS Kesehatan participants in 2023, controlled for variables such as FKRTL type, FKRTL ownership, segmentation, care class, age, and gender. This research used 2023 BPJS Kesehatan sample data with a cross-sectional study design. The analysis included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between severity and length of stay (p-value = 0.001), while comorbidities were not significantly associated with length of stay (p-value = 0.285). Moderate to severe severity and comorbidities with a CCI score of ≥1 were associated with a higher risk of prolonged hospitalization and a lower risk of short hospitalization compared to the ideal length of stay (RRR = 4.95; 95% CI = 0.82–29.85; RRR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.29–0.72 | RRR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.25–4.92; RRR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.41–1.10). Multivariate analysis controlling for FKRTL type, FKRTL ownership, segmentation, care class, age, and gender showed that the association between severity and length of stay remained significant after controlling for FKRTL type and FKRTL ownership, while the association between comorbidity and length of stay remained insignificant even after adjusting for control variables. Efforts to enhance clinical early detection programs for the severity level and comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus are necessary to prevent prolonged hospital stays due to complications and disease severity, which contribute to a significant healthcare burden.
Background: The burden of disease and mortality caused by Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has increased with the increasing prevalence of CKD risk factors. The National Health Insurance (JKN) program has increased healthcare access. However, the access in urban population is not the same as in rural. Objectives: To find out the relationship between the patients’ residential area (urban or rural) and the role of the contextual variables at the provincial level on the mortality of hospitalized JKN patients with CKD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using BPJS Kesehatan 2015-2016 sample data. Multivariate analysis was performed with Generalized Estimating Equations and continued with multilevel analysis. Results: The study showed the proportion of deaths was 19.95%. Respectively, rural residents compared to urban and treated in hospitals at Regional 1, 3 and 5 had higher mortality risk OR 1.37 (95%CI 1.33-1.41), 1.82 (95%CI 1.72-1.92), 5.90 (95%CI 4.28-8.12) with p<0.01. However, rural residents compared to urban and treated in hospitals at Regional 4 had reduced risk of death, OR 0.51 (95%CI 0.45-0.59;p<0.01) and those whom treated in hospitals at regional 2 had OR 1.03 (95%CI 0.96-1.12; p>0.05). The contextual variables of the study caused 8.98% mortality variance at provincial level. Conclusions: Rural residents had higher risk of death than those in urban and there was small variation in mortality between provinces.
Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Indonesia, with data from the Global Cancer Observatory 2022 recording 68,271 new cases, 209,748 cases in the last five years, and 22,598 deaths. The 5-year survival rate of breast cancer patients in Indonesia remains relatively low compared to other countries. Various factors, including individual factors and healthcare services, may affect patient survival. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the 5-year survival rate of breast cancer patients under the National Health Insurance (JKN) program and the factors influencing it. Methods: This study uses data from the BPJS Kesehatan sample from 2018 to 2023 with a retrospective cohort study design. The analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox Proportional Hazard test. Results: The study found a 5-year survival rate of 52.2% (95% CI: 46.4-58.7%), indicating a still-low survival rate. Individual factors that influenced survival were marital status (aHR = 1.632; 95% CI: 1.102 – 2.416), residence in Regional 4 (aHR = 2.230; 95% CI: 1.497 – 3.321), and the presence of one or more comorbidities (aHR = 1.498; 95% CI: 1.182 – 1.899). Meanwhile, healthcare provider-related factors influencing survival were severity level II (aHR = 5.566; 95% CI: 3.396 – 9.12) and severity level III (aHR = 11.118; 95% CI: 6.706 – 18.432). Conclusion: The 5-year survival rate of breast cancer patients in Indonesia remains low. Therefore, comprehensive efforts are needed to address breast cancer, involving the community, BPJS Kesehatan, and policymakers.
The neonatal period, the first 28 days of life, is the most critical phase for infant survival due to the high risk of mortality. According to SKI 2023, Indonesia ranks third for the highest neonatal mortality rate in Southeast Asia at 9.3 deaths per 1,000 live births. Recent data shows a significant increase, with neonatal deaths rising from 20,882 cases in 2022 to 29,954 in 2023. This study aims to identify factors associated with neonatal mortality among BPJS Kesehatan participants from 2015-2022. Using a cross-sectional design, we analyzed BPJS Kesehatan data of newborns (0-28 days) visiting Advanced-Level Health Facilities (FKRTL). Results show that socioeconomic factors (economic status and residence) and neonatal factors (sex, age at visit, and birth weight) significantly correlate with neonatal mortality (p-value: 0,000). With low birth weight having a 4.1 times higher risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 4,1 95% CI: 3,74-4,55), then neonates who have visits at 0-7 days old have a 3.4 times higher risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 3,4 95% CI: 2,64-4,43), female neonates have a 0.8 times lower risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 0,8 95% CI: 0,74-0,88), and neonates who are outside of Java Island have a 1,3 times higher risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 1,31, 95% CI: 1,21-1,43) as well as neonates with poor economic status having a 1,8 times higher risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 1,89, 95% CI: 1,79-2,06).
