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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created a global health crisis. Prolonged exposure to PM, NO2, CO, O3 has a negative effect on COVID-19 patients. Several studies have shown a significant relationship between genetic susceptibility to the effects of air pollutants on disease, such as COVID-19 patients with ACE rs4646994 or ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphisms can have a more severe degree. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of exposure to PM2.5, NO2, O3, weather conditions, ACE rs4646994 and ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphisms, age, BMI, and comorbidities (hypertension, heart disease, asthma, and DM) on the degree of COVID-19. Environmental data were obtained from the BMKG and the subjects were domiciled within a radius of <3 km from the Kemayoran Meteorological Station by dividing the patients into asymptomatic-mild and moderate-severe groups. Polymorphism examination was taken from a buccal swab sample. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. The results of this study found that COVID-19 patients with the polymorphism ACE2 rs2285666 genotype AA would be 9.128 times more at risk of experiencing a more severe degree. Polymorphism ACE rs4646994, exposure to PM2.5, NO2 and comorbidities were not significantly related to the degree of COVID-19. O3 exposure, low temperature, high average humidity, fewer durations of sunlight, and high BMI significantly aggravate COVID-19 in bivariate analysis. This study concluded that the polymorphism ACE2 rs2285666 genotype AA is a risk factor for the severity of COVID-19. Exposure to O3, BMI, minimum temperature, average temperature, average humidity, and duration of sunlight can play a role in the degree of COVID-19.
Prevalensi stunting pada balita di Indonesia, khususnya Kabupaten Bogor masih tergolong tinggi. Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), salah satu penilaian pada praktik pemberian makanan pendamping ASI, merupakan salah satu determinan utama dalam kejadian stunting. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat hubungan MAD dan faktor lainnya dengan kejadian stunting pada anak umur 6-23 bulan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kohor prospektif data penelitian Kohor Tumbuh Kembang Anak (TKA) yang dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2012 di Kota Bogor. Sampel penelitian ini adalah anak umur 6-23 bulan pada studi kohor TKA yang dilakukan pengukuran berulang secara lengkap. Anak yang lahir pada pada tahun 2012-2017 dan diikuti hingga umur 23 bulan (pada tahun 2014-2019).
Variabel dependen pada penelitian ini ialah anak stunting yang diamati pada saaat usia 12, 18 dan 24 bulan. Variabel independen utama pada penelitian ini ialah MAD yang diamati pada rentang umur 6-11, 12-17 dan 18-23 bulan.
Hasil: Prevalensi stunting dalam penelitian ini masih cukup tinggi yaitu anak umur 12 bulan (23,8%), 18 bulan (33,2%) dan 24 bulan (24,6%). Capaian MAD tidak adekuat paling banyak terjadi pada anak umur 6-11 bulan (77,9%). Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa MAD umur 6-11, 12-17 dan 18-23 tidak berhubungan terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak umur 12,18 dan 24 bulan.. Analisis Multivariat Regresi Cox menunjukkan stunted usia sebelumnya dan asupan protein mempengaruhi terjadinya stunting.
Kesimpulan: Upaya lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk capaian MAD yang direkomendasikan pada anak usia 6-23 bulan untuk mencegah stunting. Studi skala besar untuk mengeksplorasi peran MAD dalam mengurangi stunting dan studi kualitatif untuk mengidentifikasi kendala dan faktor yang mempengaruhi praktik pemberian makan bayi dan anak yang lebih baik sangat penting untuk perbaikan program.
The prevalence of stunting among children under-fives in Indonesia, particularly in Bogor, West Java, is still relatively high. Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), one of the assesments on the practice of complementary feeding is one of the main determinants of stunting. This study aims to examine the relationship between MAD and other factors with the incidennce of stunting in children aged 6-23 months. Methods: This research method uses a prospective cohort study design from the Cohort of Growth and Development of children (TKA) research data which has been carried out since 2012 in Bogor City.
The sample of this study was children aged 6-23 months in the TKA cohort study whio underwent complete repeated measurements. Children born in 2012-2017 and followed up to 23 months of age (in 2014-2019).
The dependent variables were stunted children at ages 6-11, 12-17. 18-23 and 24 months. The main independent variable was Minimum Acceptable Diet at the age interval of 6-11, 12-17, and 18-23 months. The data collection on the MDD, the MMF, and the MAD used twenty-four-hour dietary recall. Result: Prevalence of stunting was higher for child aged 12 months (41,7%) than for those in 18 months (8,1%) and 24 months (4,0%) category. Inadequate MAD achievement was most common in children aged 6-11 months (41.7%). Bivariate analysis showed that fulfilment MAD aged 6-11, 12-17 and 18-23 were not associated with stunting. Multivariate analysis Cox Regression indicated that stunted early age and protein intake were significantly associated with stunting.
Conclusion: More efforts need to be done to achieve the recommended MAD for all children aged between 6-23 months and to prevent stunting. Large scale studies to explore the role of MAD in reducing stunting and qualitative studies to identify the constraints and promoting factors to better infant and young child feeding practices are imperative for programme improvement.
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Tingginya angka kematian ibu dan neonatus di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, termasuk kualitas pelayanan kesehatan ibu dan anak (KIA) yang belum mencapai target. Kinerja bidan desa, sebagai ujung tombak pelayanan, dipandang sebagai salah satu faktor krusial yang dapat ditingkatkan melalui supervisi dari bidan koordinator puskesmas. Meskipun demikian, data menunjukkan pelaksanaan supervisi fasilitatif KIA di provinsi Jambi pada tahun 2022 dan 2023 baru mencapai 10.86% dan 17.38% dari target 90%. Khususnya di kabupaten Muaro Jambi, capaiannya lebih rendah lagi, yaitu 11.64% (2022) dan 15.07% (2023). Kesenjangan ini menunjukkan perlunya intervensi strategis untuk meningkatkan kualitas supervisi demi mengoptimalkan kinerja bidan dalam pelayanan KIA.
Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh model integrasi midwifery opinion leader dan supervisi fasilitatif terhadap kinerja bidan dan dampaknya pada cakupan pelayanan kesehatan ibu dan anak di Provinsi Jambi tahun 2025.
Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mixed methods exploratory sequential design terdiri dari 3 tahap yaitu tahap I diawali scoping review, studi pendahuluan dan uji coba instrumen dilanjutkan identifikasi kebutuhan model menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan desain phenomenology. Tahap II meliputi pengembangan model, panel expert, pelatihan dan uji coba model. Tahap III dilakukan uji model terhadap kinerja bidan dengan indikator standar kompetensi kinerja (SKK) dan cakupan pelayanan KIA dengan penelitian quasi experiment pretest-posttest with control designs. Populasi adalah seluruh bidan desa/pustu di provinsi Jambi. Sampel yaitu kelompok intervensi sebanyak 60 responden (di kabupaten Muaro Jambi) dilakukan intervensi model integrasi MOL dan supervisi fasilitatif, sedangkan kelompok kontrol 60 responden (di kota Jambi) dilakukan hanya supervisi fasilitatif. Waktu penelitian pada bulan Mei 2024 hingga Agustus 2025, analisis data dengan univariat, bivariat dan multivariat (Difference in Difference).
Hasil: Berdasarkan identifikasi kebutuhan ditemukan subtema: kinerja bidan, kebutuhan supervisi dan model supervisi. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengembangan model supervisi dengan pendekatan teori COM-B, supportif supervision, midwifery leadership dan coaching sehingga diperoleh model midwifery opinion leader (MOL) yang dapat diintegrasikan dengan program supervisi fasilitatif KIA puskesmas. Hasil uji penerimaan model diperoleh hasil skor tertinggi yaitu sikap terhadap penggunaan rata-rata 4.9 dan terendah yaitu persepsi manfaat dengan skor 4.71. Hasil analisis diff in diff diketahui pada 2 kelompok sebelum dan sesudah intervensi terhadap skor standar kompetensi kerja: penataan pelayanan 1.36(0.24-1.60), asuhan bayi baru lahir 2.36(0.75-3.12) pemeriksaan kehamilan 1.33(0.48-1.82), pemeriksaan ibu bersalin 1.93(1.72-3.65) dan asuhan ibu nifas 1.43(0.30-1.74).Uji dampak model terhadap cakupan KIA yaitu: kunjungan ibu hamil ke-4 (K4)18.25(3.83-22.08), persalinan nakes (PN) 15.53(3.47-19.00), kunjungan nifas (KNF) 15.59(3.41-19.00), kunjungan neonatal lengkap (KNL) 14.35(9.97-24.33), kunjungan bayi (KBY) 19.08 (7.26-26.35) dan kunjungan balita (KBAL) 5.81 (16.14-21.95).
Kesimpulan dan Saran: Model integrasi Midwifery Opinion Leader (MOL) dan supervisi fasilitatif berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan kinerja bidan dalam pelayanan KIA. Disarankan mempertimbangkan model ini dalam kegiatan program supervisi kesehatan ibu dan anak di Puskesmas.
ABSTRACT
Background: The high maternal and neonatal mortality rates in Indonesia are influenced by various factors, including the quality of maternal and child health (MCH) services, which have not yet reached their targets. The performance of village midwives, as the frontline of service delivery, is seen as a crucial factor that can be improved through supervision by health center coordinator midwives. However, data shows that the implementation of facilitative MCH supervision in Jambi province in 2022 and 2023 has only reached 10.86% and 17.38% of the 90% target. In Muaro Jambi district, in particular, the achievement was even lower, at 11.64% (2022) and 15.07% (2023). This gap indicates the need for strategic interventions to improve the quality of supervision in order to optimize the performance of midwives in MCH services.
Objective: To determine the effect of the midwifery opinion leader integration model and facilitative supervision on midwives' performance and its impact on the coverage of maternal and child health services in Jambi Province in 2025.
Research Method: This research is a mixed methods exploratory sequential design consisting of 3 stages, namely stage I, which begins with a scoping review, preliminary study, and instrument testing, followed by the identification of model requirements using a qualitative method with a phenomenology design. Stage II includes model development, expert panel, training, and model testing. Phase III involved testing the model on midwives' performance using standard competency performance (SKK) indicators and MCH service coverage using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with control designs. The population consisted of all village midwives/health workers in Jambi Province. The sample consisted of an intervention group of 60 respondents (in Muaro Jambi district) who underwent the MOL integration model intervention and facilitative supervision, while the control group of 60 respondents (in Jambi city) only underwent facilitative supervision. The research period was from May 2024 to August 2025, with data analysis using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate (Difference in Difference) methods.
Results: Based on the identification of needs, the following sub-themes were found: midwife performance, supervision needs, and supervision models. Subsequently, a supervision model was developed using the COM-B theory, supportive supervision, midwifery leadership, and coaching approaches, resulting in a midwifery opinion leader (MOL) model that can be integrated with the KIA puskesmas facilitative supervision program. The model acceptance test results showed the highest score for attitude toward use, with an average of 4.9, and the lowest score for perceived benefits, with a score of 4.71. The results of the diff in diff analysis showed that in the two groups before and after the intervention, the standard work competency scores were: service management 1.36 (0.24-1.60), newborn care 2.36 (0.75-3.12), pregnancy check-ups 1.33 (0.48-1.82), maternity check-ups 1.93 (1.72-3.65), and postpartum care 1.43 (0.30-1.74). The model's impact on MCH coverage was as follows: fourth antenatal visit (K4) 18.25 (3.83-22.08), skilled birth attendance (PN) 15.53 (3.47-19.00), postnatal visit (KNF) 15.59 (3.41-19. 00), complete neonatal visits (KNL) 14.35 (9.97-24.33), infant visits (KBY) 19.08 (7.26-26.35), and toddler visits (KBAL) 5.81 (16.14-21.95).
Conclusion and Recommendations: The integration model of Midwifery Opinion Leader (MOL) and facilitative supervision has an impact on improving midwives' performance in maternal and child health services. It is recommended to consider this model in maternal and child health supervision program activities at health centers.
Batam City is the largest contributor to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) cases in the Riau Islands. One of the biggest challenges in the transmission of dengue fever in Batam City is the existence of shophouses and slum areas that are not intended for use (squatters). The aim of this research was to develop a model for controlling dengue fever in shophouses and squatter environments in Batam City. This research was quantitative analytical research with an ecological study approach. The research period started from August 2022 - May 2023. The population and samples for spatial analysis were 44 sub-districts and for statistical tests were 767 dengue fever with 88 samples. The results of the analysis showed that variables which were risk factors include vector density (shophouses: OR=6,2, squatters: OR=11,2), population mobility (shophouses: OR=6,2, squatters: OR=6,5), temperature (shophouses: OR=6,0, squatters: OR=7,3), rainfall (shophouses: OR=6,5, squatters: OR=8,4), humidity (shophouses: OR=7,1, squatters: OR=5,7), and house construction (shophouses: OR=5,0). The output of this research was the GWR model which showed that the variables Squatters Proportion, Temperature, Vector Density and Population Density had a significant effect on the number of dengue fever cases in Batam City (R2=77.13%). The model for controlling dengue fever that can be implemented are dengue management based on niche, including regional regulations requiring arranging used goods around squatters and empowering school children in eradicating larvae.
