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Malaria menjadi tantangan kesehatan masyarakat yang signifikan terutama di wilayah tropis dan subtropis. menurut organisasi kesehatan dunia WHO, sekitar 249 juta kasus malaria dilaporkan di 85 negara endemik [1]. Kabupaten Banjarnegara merupakahn salah satu wilayah peringkat ketiga di Jawa tengah di wilayah dataran tinggi. Kejadian malaria dapat dikaitkan dengan berbagai faktor, termasuk iklim seperti suhu, curah hujan dan kelembapan yang dapat memengaruhi dinamika populasi nyamuk Anpheles, yang merupakan vektor utama malaria. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana faktor iklim dan kejadian malaria di Kabupaten Banjarnegara selama periode 2014-2024. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi ekologi dengan pendekatan time-trend analisis. Data kejadian malaria di Indonesia, serta data iklim dari Dinas Kesehatan Banjarnegara, dan BMKG dan POWER NASA. Data diolah menggunakan teknik korelasi dan regresi linier berganda. Hasil analisis bivariat suhu udara menunjukkan hubungan yang lebih stabil dan signifikan secara statistik terhadap peningkatan kasus malaria. Korelasi paling kuat dan signifikan ditemukan pada tahun 2018 (r = 0,646; p = 0,014), dengan uji Pearson. Analisis multivariat nilai (B = 2.381). Nilai koefisien determinasi (R²) sebesar 0,239 menunjukkan bahwa model dapat menjelaskan sekitar 23.9% variasi kejadian malaria. Ini mengindikasikan bahwa setiap kenaikan suhu sebesar 1°C berkorelasi dengan peningkatan rata-rata 2,38 kasus malaria per bulan. Hasil ini mencerminkan bahwa meskipun faktor iklim memiliki kontribusi terhadap kejadian malaria, masih terdapat faktor lain di luar model yang turut memengaruhi.
Kata kunci:
Curah Hujan, Kabupaten Banjarnegara, Kelembapan Relatif, Malaria, Suhu.
Malaria remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 249 million malaria cases were reported across 85 endemic countries. Banjarnegara Regency, located in a highland area, ranks third in malaria incidence in Central Java. Malaria transmission is influenced by various factors, including climatic variables such as temperature, rainfall, and humidity, which affect the population dynamics of Anopheles mosquitoes—the primary vectors of malaria. This study aims to analyze the relationship between climatic factors and malaria incidence in Banjarnegara Regency from 2014 to 2024. An ecological study design with a time-trend analytical approach was employed. Malaria incidence data were obtained from the Banjarnegara Health Office, while climate data were sourced from the Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) and NASA POWER. Data were analyzed using correlation and multiple linear regression techniques. Bivariate analysis showed that air temperature had a more stable and statistically significant association with malaria cases. The strongest and most significant correlation was observed in 2018 (r = 0.646; p = 0.014) using Pearson’s test. In multivariate analysis, the regression coefficient (B = 2.381) and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.239) indicated that the model explains approximately 23.9% of the variation in malaria incidence. This suggests that each 1°C increase in temperature is associated with an average increase of 2.38 malaria cases per month. These findings highlight that while climatic factors contribute to malaria incidence, other factors beyond the model also play a significant role. Keywords: Banjarnegara Regency, Malaria, Rainfall, Relative Humidity, Temperature. Correspondence Syifa Rifqa Ainur Rahmah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java. Email: syifarifqa.a.r@gmail.com Mobile: 081380376644
Penyakit Malaria merupakan penyakit yang endemis di Indonesia. Penyakit Malaria sering dikaitkan dengan perubahan iklim, karena baik nyamuk Anopheles maupun Plasmodium sensitif terhadap perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Sigeblok, Kecamatan Banjarnangu, Kabupaten Banjrnegara untuk mengetahui apakah iklim dan kepadatan vektor berhubungan dengan kejadian Malaria di daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan studi korelasi dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang dikumpulkan sejak bulan Oktober 1999 hingga September 2001 oleh Stasiun Lapangan Pemberantas Vektor (SLPV) Banjamegara, Dinas Kesehatan Banjamegara, dan Kantor Badan Statistik Banjamegara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa rata-rata Man Biting Rule (MBR) per bulan adalah 0,09757 untuk An. aconirus, 0,05875 untuk An. maculatus, dan 0,009167 untuk An. balabacencis. Rata-rata per bulan faktor iklim adalah curah hujan 634, 5mm, jumlah hari hujan 15,08 hari, index hujan 308,83, suhu 25,52°C dan kelembaban 88,87%. Sedangkan rata-rata kejadian malaria adalah 33 per bulan. Hasil analisis bivariat memperlihatkan bahwa kejadian penyakit malaria bermakna secara statistik dengan dengan curah hujan (p=0,007), indeks hujan (p=0,027), serta berpola negalif dengan MBR An aconims (p==0,023)_ Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara kejadian malaria dengan jumlah hari hujan, suhu, kelembaban, MBR A n. maculatus dan MBR An. balabacencis. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah curah hujan dan indeks hujan berhubungan secara bemakna dengan kejadian malaria, sedangkan MBR An. aconirus berhubungan secara bermakna dan berbanding terbalik dengan kejadian malaria. Jumlah hari hujan, suhu, kelembaban, MBR An. macrulatus dan MBR An. balabacencis tidak bermakna dengan kejadian malaria. Saran yang dapat diberikan adalah perlunya Dinas Kesehatan Banjamegara untuk melakukan program pencegahan kejadian malaria terutama menjelang musim hujan dengan cara mempersiapkan obat, melakukan penyemprotan, larva ciding, serta membenikan penyuluhan bagi masyarakat agar menghindari kontak dengan nyamuk dengan cara menggunakan kelambu, berpakaian yang menutupi permukaan kulit, serta tidak melakukan aktivitas di luar rumah pada malam hari. Bagi SLPV pengumpulan data, terutama yang berkaitan dengan usia nyamuk mendapatkan gambaran yang lebih baik mengenai hubungan antara iklim, kepada vektor dan kejadian malaria. Penelitian lanjutan lebih lengkap seperti data mengenai usia nyamuk serta bagaimana keadaan lingkungan biologi dari wilayah penelitian.
Malaria is an endemic disease in Indonesia. Malaria often related to climate, because both Anopheles mosquito and the Plasmodium are sensitive to climate change. This study was carried out in Sigeblok Village, Banjarmangu Sub District, Banjarnegara District, Central Java. The purpose of this study is to know whether climate and vector density are related to malaria incidence. This study is a correlation study using secondary data. Monthly data that was collected from October 1999 until September 2001 by Vector Control Field Station (SLPV Banjarnegara), Banjarnegara Health Service, and Banjarnegara Statistics Office. The study shows that the mean Man Biting Rate (MBR) per per month is 0,09757 for ,4«. aconitus, 0,05875 for An. maculates, and 0,009167 for An. balabacencis. The mean rainfall 634,5mm, raindays 15,08 days, rain index 308,83, temperature 25,52°C, humidity 88,87% and malaria incidence 33. The bivariate analysis shows that malaria incidence are statistically significant with rainfall (p=0,007), rainfall index (0,027), and it has a negative pattern with MBR An. aconitus (p=0,023). There are no statistically significant relation between malaria incidence with raindays, temperature, humidity, MBR An. maculatus and MBR An. balabacencis. The result of this study shows that rainfall, rain index are significantly correlated with malaria incidence, while MBR An. aconitus is significantly correlated and inversely proportional with malaria incidence. Raindays, temperature, humidity, MBR An. maculatus and MBR An. balabacencis has no significant relation with malaria incidence. Recommendation for Banjarnegara Health Service is to carry out a malaria prevention program especially when the rainy season is near by preparing medicines, larvaciding, and by giving elucidation to the community to avoid any contact with the mosquito by using mosquito net, clothes that covers the skin, and bay not doing activity outside the house at night- To SLPV Bartjarnegara, in collecting the data, there should be a data about mosquito longevity, so we can get a better picture on the association of climate, vector density, and malaria incidence. Continuation study on the same issue would be better if it contains more variable to be analyze such as mosquito longevity and biological environment in the study region.
Kata Kunci : Iklim, Kepadatan penduduk, ABJ, angka insiden, DBD, Kecamatan Cilandak.
Looking at the 2014 to 2016 data held by the Cilandak puskesmas, the trend of dengue cases in Cilandak sub-district tends to increase in January to May, starting to fall when June and its lowest point in December. The case trend is always the same that happens every year and this raises the interest of the writer to research related to climate factors, vector density factors seen from larval free numbers (ABJ), and population density factors. This study aims to analyze the relationship between climate factors (air temperature, humidity, and rainfall), vector density factors (ABJ figures), and population density with DHF incidence rate in Cilandak District in 2010-2019. The type of data taken is secondary data. DHF incidence rate data, and ABJ figures were obtained from the annual report of the Cilandak District Health Center. Data on population density was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency. Climate related data obtained from BMKG. Relationships will be analyzed using the Pearson product moment test. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that overall in 2010-2019, rainfall and humidity had a relationship with IR DHF in Cilandak District (p = 0.029, r = 0.685).
Keywords: Climate, Population density, ABJ, incidence rate, DHF, Cilandak District.
COPD is a heterogeneous and chronic respiratory disease characterised by a persistent and limited progressive airflow. COPD prevalence in Indonesia accounted for 5,6% with a total of 4,8 million patients. Using a time series analysis from 2014 to 2024, during the period of obervation, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and air temperature did not show a significant correlation with the rise in COPD cases (<0.05), while rainfall had a significant correlation (r = -0.179, p = 0.040) and a lag of 1 (r = -0.194, p = 0.026). This study demonstrates that an increase in rainfall can decrease the exacerbation rate of COPD.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes infected with the dengue virus (DENV). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of dengue cases internationally and nationally decreased, as did the City of East Jakarta. Thus, East Jakarta City is the city with the highest dengue cases in DKI Jakarta Province. This study aims to analyze climate factors at time lag of 0 (non-time lag), 1 (time lag 1), and 2 (time lag 2) months, population density, and larva free index (LFI) with the incidence of DHF in the city of Jakarta. East before and during the 2018-2021 COVID-19 pandemic. The data were analyzed using the average difference test, correlation test, and spatial analysis. Statistically, there is a significant difference in the average incidence rate (IR) of DHF and LFI between 2018-2021 (p = 0.000; p = 0.011). In addition, the correlation test showed a significant relationship between rainfall at time lag 1 (p = 0.002; r = 0.041) and time lag 2 (p = 0.000; r = 0.651), air temperature at time lag 1 (p = 0.004; r = -0.441), and time lag 2 (p = 0.001; r = -0.48), as well as non-time lag air humidity (p = 0.002; r = 0.429), time lag 1 (p = 0.000; r = 0.668), and time lag 2 (p = 0.000; r = 0.699) with the incidence of DHF. Spatial and statistically, there was no significant relationship between population density and LFI with the incidence of DHF. Mapping the level of vulnerability to DHF events before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, shows that of the 10 sub-districts in East Jakarta City, 1 sub-district experienced an increase in the level of vulnerability to moderate and 2 sub-districts experienced a decrease in the level of vulnerability to low. Matraman sub-districts are classified as high vulnerability. Jatinegara, Duren Sawit, Kramatjati, and Ciracas sub-districts are classified as moderate vulnerability. The other 5 sub-districts are classified as low vulnerability. The existence of significant differences in the average ABJ and IR of DHF, the relationship between climatic factors and the incidence of DHF, as well as the high level of vulnerability in some areas, should be considered by the local government to increase efforts to prevent DHF and develop a strategic plan in controlling DHF.