Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar akibat infeksi pada balita di seluruh dunia, terutama di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Polusi udara dalam ruangan menjadi salah satu faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian pneumonia disamping faktor individu dan infeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara PM2,5 dalam udara ruang rumah dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik observasional menggunakan desain studi kasus kontrol. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 78 balita dari wilayah kerja Puskesmas Citeureup yang terdiri dari 26 kasus dan 52 kontrol. Data penelitian dikumpulkan menggunakan alat mini particle counter dan kuesioner, serta dianalisis menggunakan chi square dan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status gizi (OR=12,14; 95%CI: 1,33-110,29), status imunisasi (OR=5,51; 95%CI: 1,82-16,69), ASI eksklusif (OR=3,89; 95%CI: 1,27-11,88), luas ventilasi (OR= 4,09; 95%CI: 1,43-11,75), dan kebiasaan merokok dalam rumah (OR=4,09; 95%CI: 1,51-11,12) berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Konsentrasi PM2,5 dalam rumah berhubungan dengan pneumonia pada balita (aOR=4,092; 95%CI: 1,08-15,45) setelah dikontrol oleh status imunisasi, ASI eksklusif, luas ventilasi dan adanya orang yang merokok di dalam rumah.

Pneumonia is the major causes of death due to infection in children under five around the

world, especially in developing countries including Indonesia. Indoor air pollution is one

of the risk factors that increased the incidence of pneumonia besides individual factors

and infections. This study aimed to determine the relationship between indoor PM2,5 with

the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. This was an analytic observational

study with case control design. The sample study was 78 children under five selected

from working area of Puskesmas Citeureup consisted of 26 cases and 52 controls. The

data were collected by mini particle counter and a set of questionnaire, analyzed by chi

square and multiple logistic regression. The results showed that nutritional status

(OR=12.14; 95% CI: 1.33 to 110.29), immunization status (OR=5.51; 95% CI: 1.82 to

16.69), exclusive breastfeeding (OR=3.89; 95% CI: 1.27 to 11.88), ventilation (OR=4.09;

95% CI: 1.43 to 11.75), and smoking habits at home (OR=4.09; 95% CI: 1.51 to 11.12)

associated with the incidence of pneumonia. Indoor PM2.5 were associated with

pneumonia in children under five (aOR=4,092; 95%CI: 1.08 to 15.45) after being

controlled by immunization status, exclusive breastfeeding, ventilation and smoking

habits at home.

Diare pada anak masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting di Malawi. Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Malawi (MDHS) tahun 2015–2016 dan 2024 sama-sama melaporkan prevalensi diare sekitar 22%, yang menunjukkan belum adanya penurunan yang berarti selama satu dekade terakhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan antara faktor air, sanitasi, dan higiene rumah tangga (WASH) dengan diare pada anak balita di Malawi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan data Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) 2024, yang mencakup 23.070 rumah tangga dan 12.312 anak balita. Setelah penerapan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, sebanyak 11.514 anak balita diikutsertakan dalam analisis. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan Complex Samples Logistic Regression (CSLOGISTIC) dengan mempertimbangkan faktor anak, ibu, rumah tangga, dan geografis.Prevalensi diare dalam dua minggu terakhir adalah 22,4%. Akses terhadap sumber air minum layak tergolong tinggi, namun cakupan sanitasi layak, pengolahan air minum rumah tangga, dan fasilitas cuci tangan dengan sabun dan air masih rendah. Setelah penyesuaian, sanitasi tidak layak dan tidak adanya pengolahan air minum rumah tangga berhubungan dengan peningkatan peluang diare pada anak. Usia anak, usia ibu, pendidikan ibu, dan status pekerjaan ibu juga berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian diare. Hubungan antara sanitasi dan diare lebih kuat pada anak yang tinggal di daerah perdesaan dibandingkan daerah perkotaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan sanitasi, pengolahan air minum rumah tangga, dan intervensi yang berfokus pada kelompok rentan berpotensi mengurangi beban diare pada anak di Malawi.

Childhood diarrhoea remains a major public health problem among children under five years of age in Malawi. The Malawi Demographic and Health Surveys (MDHS) 2015–2016 and 2024 both reported a diarrhoea prevalence of approximately 22%, indicating limited progress in reducing the burden of the disease over the past decade. This study examined the association between household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors and childhood diarrhoea among children under five years of age in Malawi. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2024 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, which surveyed 23,070 households and identified 12,312 children under five years of age. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11,514 children were included in the analysis. Complex Samples Logistic Regression (CSLOGISTIC) was used to assess the association between household WASH factors and childhood diarrhoea while accounting for child, maternal, household, and geographic factors. The two-week prevalence of childhood diarrhoea was 22.4%. Access to improved drinking water sources was high, but coverage of improved sanitation facilities, household water treatment, and handwashing facilities with soap and water remained low. After adjustment, unimproved sanitation facilities and lack of household water treatment were independently associated with higher odds of childhood diarrhoea. Child age, maternal age, maternal education, and maternal employment status were also significant predictors. The association between sanitation facilities and childhood diarrhoea was stronger among rural children than among urban children. Childhood diarrhoea remains a persistent public health challenge in Malawi. Improving sanitation infrastructure, promoting household water treatment, and strengthening interventions targeting vulnerable children and mothers may contribute to reducing the burden of childhood diarrhoeal disease.