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Menopause merupakan menstruasi yang berhenti secara permanen yang
Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar pada anak di seluruh dunia. Setiap tahunnya diestimasikan sekitar 18% kematian anak di bawah usia 5 tahun di seluruh dunia disebabkan oleh pneumonia. Faktor risiko pasti yang berkontribusi diantaranya yaitu balita yang tidak mendapatkan ASI eksklusif.
Tujuan studi ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia balita usia 12 -23 bulan setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder. Studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan di tiga wilayah puskesmas Kota Cimahi berdasarkan angka insidens kasus pneumonia balita yang tertinggi di tahun 2012. Kasus adalah balita usia 12 - 23 bulan yang berkunjung ke sarana puskesmas penelitian periode Januari - Desember 2012 dan didiagnosa sebagai kasus pneumonia. Kontrol merupakan tetangga dari kasus, dengan perbandingan jumlah kasus dan kontrol yaitu 1:1. Besar sampel minimal sebanyak 133 untuk masing - masing kelompok. Analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan regresi logistik. Besar asosiasi balita yang tidak mendapat ASI eksklusif memiliki OR untuk terjadinya pneumonia sebesar 3,58 kali (95% CI: 2,08 - 6,19) dibandingkan yang mendapat ASI eksklusif setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder.
Penelitian ini memperkuat penelitian terdahulu yang membuktikan kekuatan hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Berfokus pada daerah dengan angka insiden kasus penumonia yang tinggi, pihak dinas kesehatan dan puskesmas dapat lebih meningkatkan upaya promosi dan fasilitasi ASI eksklusif, menciptakan kawasan tanpa asap rokok di tingkat rumah tangga, pengurangan adanya paparan asap pembakaran di dalam rumah, peningkatan pengetahuan ibu berkaitan faktor risiko pneumonia.
Pneumonia is the biggest cause of death in children worldwide. Each year approximately 18% of estimated deaths of children under five worldwide are caused by pneumonia. Definite risk factors that contribute to them are children under five who are not exclusively breastfed.
The purpose of this study to determine the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia children under five age 12 -23 months after controlling for confounders.Case-control study was conducted in three areas of public health centers Cimahi City based incidence rates were highest children under five cases of pneumonia in 2012. Cases were children aged 12-23 months who visited the research public health centers means the period of January to December 2012 and was diagnosed as a case of pneumonia. Control is a neighbor of the case, the ratio of the number of cases and controls is 1:1. Minimum sample size for each of as many as 133 - each group. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Major association children under five who are not exclusively breastfed for the occurrence of pneumonia had an OR of 3.58 (95% CI: 2.08 to 6.19) than those who are breastfed exclusively after controlling for confounders.
This study reinforces previous research that proves the strength of association of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia in infants. Focusing on areas with a number of high incidence of cases of pneumonia, the health department and public health center could further enhance the promotion and facilitation of exclusive breastfeeding, creating a smoke-free area at the household level, reduction in exposure to combustion fumes in the house, increasing maternal knowledge of risk factors associated pneumonia.
The increasing elderly population resulting in the increase of the life expectancyof 70.2 years to 72 years in 2014. Based on the results Susenas in 2012 thenumber of elderly who depend on others for life 934 505 while in Depok for 15369 inhabitants. The purpose of this study was to assess and determine the factorsaffecting the independence of the elderly arrives in Depok Posbindu 2012.Thisresearch using secondary data from the monthly reports of activities at Posbinduelderly services in December 2012.Yhis research using ecological design. Theprevalence of independent elderly at 99%, 16% prevalence hypertension, obesityprevalence of 13.1%, the prevalence of mental disorders was 9% and theprevalence of elderly who followed the extension of 27.5%. There was nosignificant association between the prevalence of self-prevalence hypertension, mental disorders, obesity, and counseling.Keyword : Independence, Visitors, Elderly, Posbindu
ABSTRAK Nama : Mira Sri Gumilar Program Studi : Epidemiologi Judul : Hubungan Merokok Dengan Risiko Kehamilan Ektopik Pada Wanita Usia 15-49 Tahun Di Indonesia Tahun 2012 Pembimbing : Prof. Dr. dr. Nasrin Kodim, MPH Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) merupakan indikator utama kesehatan ibu. Pada tahun 2015, angka kematian ibu mengalami penurunan menjadi sebesar 305 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, namun angka ini masih belum memenuhi target MDGs. Apabila dibandingkan secara global, AKI di Indonesia masih berada di atas AKI Global. Tiga penyebab terbesar kematian ibu di Indonesia disebabkan oleh perdarahan, hipertensi, dan infeksi. Perdarahan dan komplikasi kehamilan pada masa kehamilan bisa terjadi pada awal kehamilan dan akhir kehamilan. Perdarahan dan komplikasi kehamilan pada masa awal kehamilan dapat disebabkan oleh aborsi dan kehamilan ektopik. Berdasarkan beberapa penelitian, salah satu faktor risiko kehamilan ektopik yaitu merokok. Prevalensi perokok wanita di Indonesia setiap tahun mengalami peningkatan terutama pada tahun 2010 prevalensi perokok wanita adalah sebesar 4% dan menduduki urutan ke 17 di dunia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya besaran masalah kehamilan ektopik di Indonesia, mengetahui sebaran variabel kehamilan ektopik dan merokok berdasarkan provinsi, dan diketahuinya hubungan antara merokok dengan terjadinya kehamilan ektopik di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional. Variabel dependen pada penelitian ini adalah kejadian kehamilan ektopik dan variabel independen utamanya adalah merokok, sedangkan variabel kovariat terdiri dari status pendidikan, metode penggunaan kontrasepsi, jumlah paritas ibu, riwayat menderita Penyakit Menular Seksual (PMS), status urban dan perokok pasif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah data (Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia) SDKI tahun 2012. Kriteria responden pada penelitian ini adalah responden wanita yang diwawancarai dengan kuisioner wanita SDKI 2012. Jumlah responden yang dianalisis adalah sebesar 32.269 wanita yang eligibel. Analisis yang dilakukan terdiri dari analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Penelitian ini menunjukan prevalensi kehamilan ektopik di Indonesia adalah sebesar 0,56% dan prevalensi merokok sebesar 3,31%. Analisis bivariat menunjukan responden yang merokok memiliki risiko 2,64 kali untuk mengalami kehamilan ektopik dibandingkan dengan yang tidak merokok. Setelah dikontrol dengan variabel pendidikan, metode penggunaan kontrasepsi, riwayat menderita penyakit menular seksual (PMS), dan status urban, responden yang merokok memiliki risiko 3,28 kali untuk mengalami kehamilan ektopik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa merokok memiliki hubungan dengan risiko terjadinya kehamilan ektopik. Kata kunci: Kehamilan ektopik, Merokok, Indonesia
ABSTRACT Name : Mira Sri Gumilar Study Program : Epidemiology Title : The Association Between Smoking and Ectopic Pregnancy Risk in Women Aged 15-49 Years in Indonesia 2012 Counsellorr : Prof. Dr. dr. Nasrin Kodim, MPH Maternal mortality rate is a primary indicator for maternal health. In 2015, maternal mortality rate has decreased to 305 for 100.000 live birth, nevertheless this rate does not meet with the MDGs target. Indonesia’s maternal mortality rate is still above from global rate. In Indonesia, there are Three cases that caused maternal death, bleeding, hypertension, and infection. Bleeding can be occurred in early pregnancy or in the end of pregnancy. Bleeding in early pregnancy can be caused by abortion and ectopic pregnancy. Some research showed that one of the risk factor of ectopic pregnancy was smoking. Prevalence of female smoker in Indonesia is 4% in 2010 and increasing in every year. Indonesia has 17 th in rank of prevalence female smoker in the world. This study aim to know about prevalence ectopic pregnancy in Indonesia that can showing the problem about ectopic pregnancy, to know the distribution of ectopic pregnancy and female smoker by province in Indonesia, and to know about the association between smoking and ectopic pregnancy. This study is cross sectional study with ectopic pregnancy as a dependent variable and smoking as main independent variable. Covariate variables for this study are education, contraception method, parity, history of sexually transmitted diseases, urban status and passive smoker. This study use Indonesia Demographic And Health Survey (IDHS) 2012. Responden’s criteria was women that to be interviewed with women questionnaire IDHS 2012. Thera are 32.269 woman who is elgible to include in this study. This study does three step analysis, univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. The result shows that prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in Indonesia is 0,56% and prevalence of women smoking in Indonesia is 3,31%. From bivariate analysis shows that female smoker had 2,64 fold to experience ectopic pregnancy compared with non smoker female. After controlled by education, contraception method, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and responden’s residence, female smoker has 3,28 fold to experience ectopic pregnancy comparing with non smoker female. This study has showed that smoking has a relationship with ectopic pregnancy. Key words:Ectopic Pregnancy, Smoking, Indonesian
Kata kunci : Keluarga Berencana, Metode Kontrasepsi, Wanita Usia Subur
The use of contraception is a strategy to delay pregnancy and to do birth control,with the possibility of reducing fertility of ovum by spermatozoa. However,coverage of the use of contraceptive in Papua is still far from the target set. Thisstudy aims to determine the distribution of contraceptive use based on WUS 15-49years predisposing factors and enabling factors in Papua Province in 2012. Thisresearch used cross sectional design method with secondary data analysis ofDemographic Health Survey of Indonesia 2012. This study sample were womenage is 15-49 years, listed as respondents in the data IDHS 2012, and meet theinclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the distribution ofcontraceptive use on WUS 15-49 years in Papua province was 14.6 percent. Theresults of analysis showed there is a significant relationship between thedistribution of contraceptive use on WUS with age >35 years (PR: 7.823; 95% CI3.210 to 19.067), higher education (PR: 4.751; 95% CI 2.884 to 7.827),employment status (PR: 0.435; 95% CI 0.318 to 0.595), number of parity 3-4children (PR: 3.254; 95% CI 2.286 to 4.633), urban residence (PR: 2.694; 95% CI1.960 to 3.703), middle income (PR: 2.666; 95% CI 1.798 to 3.953), higherknowledge (PR: 3.970; 95% CI 2.863 to 5.507), and have been exposed to familyplanning information (PR: 3,091; 95% CI 2.255 to 4.236) with a p value <0.005.Therefore, an increase in the effort required of health promotion, intensivecounseling and dissemination of information by health professionals about thebenefits of the importance of contraceptive use on WUS, providing qualitycontraceptive services in obtaining the tools/methods of family planning.
Keywords: Family Planning, Methods of Contraception, Women of Reproductive Age
Kata kunci: BBLR; kehamilan remaja
Low Birth Weight (LBW) in Indonesia has the prevalence of 7,3 % according to IDHS 2012. Some research showed that more LBW occurences happened to mother aged 15-19 at the time of birth. This study aims to prove the association between adolescent pregnancy and low birth weight after controlling all the confounding variables. The method used for this study is case-control (1:1) by analyzing IDHS 2012. The selected cases are 871 with 871 controls. Covariate variables are education, parity, complication during pregnancy, complication at birth, months of pregnancy at first antenatal visit and number of antenatal visit. The result of the study is that there is a significant association between adolescent pregnancy after controlling all confounding variables which are education, complication during pregnancy and months of pregnancy at first antenatal visit and number of antenatal visit (OR: 2,65; p value= 0,013; 95% CI: 1,232-5,712).
Key words: LBW; adolescent pregnancy
Kata kunci : Anak usia 11-15 tahun, obesitas, asupan karbohidrat, asupan serat.
The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is now increasing, so it is fearedwill lead to the onset of degenerative diseases in the future This study aimedto identify the factors that lead to obesity in children aged 11-15 years injunior Strada Santa Maria 1 Tangerang. The studydesign was descriptive cross sectional analytic study. With stratifiedrandom sampling technique, the sample obtained 228 respondents. Most respondentswere female (55.7%) with a mean age of 13.32 years.There are significant correlationbetween carbohydrate intake with obesity (p = 0.033), protein intake with obesity(p = 0.001), fiber intake with obesity (p = 0.005), and sex with obesity(p=0,032).
Keywords: Children aged 11-15 years, obesity, carbohydrate intake, fiber intake.
