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TB disease remains a health problem in Indonesia, despite the control measures already carried out since the colonial era. Evaluations were conducted for this is still an evaluation process, so this time offers researchers a comprehensive evaluation that is the way of new measures in the form of latent variables (environment, infrastructure, processes, targets and output) with the purpose of this evaluation to provide input on policy makers TB control in the future.
Disertasi ini membahas estimasi biaya kesakitan dan respons pemerintah daerah dalam pembiayaan terkait pandemi COVID-19 di Kota Depok dan Kota Sukabumi pada tahun 2020-2022. Biaya pelayanan kesehatan untuk kasus konfirmasi COVID-19 yang mencakup biaya langsung medis serta biaya tidak langsung dihitung secara komprehensif, berdasarkan kelompok usia, level keparahan penyakit, ada tidaknya morbiditas, serta penyedia layanan kesehatan (RS pemerintah dan RS swasta). Juga diukur biaya respons yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah daerah terhadap pandemi COVID-19. Selain itu, studi ini juga mengukur kinerja dari respons pembiayaan pemerintah daerah pada enam bidang umum (Pelayanan kesehatan daerah; komunikasi risiko dan pemberdayaan masyarakat; perlindungan sosial; peraturan perundang-undangan untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan infeksi; keberlanjutan penyediaan layanan esensial; dan kegiatan ekonomi lokal) dengan menggunakan pendekatan Public Financial Management (PFM). Metode studi cost of illness dilakukan, dengan pendekatan bottom-up untuk keseluruhan biaya pelayanan kesehatan, dan pendekatan human capital untuk biaya tidak langsung. Sementara untuk biaya selain biaya pelayanan kesehatan, maka penghitungan dilakukan dengan pendekatan top-down. Lokus studi adalah di provinsi Jawa Barat yaitu di Kota Depok dan Kota Sukabumi. Responden untuk penelitian ini adalah 181 kasus konfirmasi sembuh dan 153 kasus konfirmasi meninggal. Juga dilakukan analisis pada dokumen peraturan perundang-undangan dan dokumen resmi lainnya yang dikeluarkan pemerintah daerah terkait respons pembiayaan terkait Pandemi Covid-19. Metode pengumpulan data dengan pendekatan retrospektif (telaah dokumen rekam medis dan billing, wawancara informan dari pemerintah Kota Depok dan Kota Sukabumi serta telaah dokumen pemerintah pusat dan daerah dilakukan dalam studi ini. Hasil studi ini mendapatkan bahwa biaya medis langsung untuk per pasien sembuh mencapai Rp32 juta, dan untuk per pasien meninggal Rp56 juta, dengan pemicu biaya utama adalah perawatan di ICU dan usia dewasa, sementara faktor risiko utama kematian adalah level keparahan. Pasien dengan kondisi berat-kritis memiliki tingkat kematian 13,5 kali dibandingkan pasien kondisi ringan-sedang. Total biaya tidak langsung selama 3 tahun di Kota Depok adalah Rp 1,33 Triliun dan di Kota Sukabumi Rp 102 Miliar. Total biaya respons pemerintah daerah adalah Rp 179 miliar (Kota Depok) dan Rp 148 miliar (Kota Sukabumi). Estimasi total biaya kesakitan dan biaya respons pemerintah daerah selama 3 tahun adalah Rp 2,7 triliun (Kota Depok) dan Rp 333 miliar (Kota Sukabumi). Kinerja respons pembiayaan yang diukur dengan menilai kinerja manajemen keuangan publik di Kota Depok dan Kota Sukabumi selama tahun 2020-2022 menunjukkan kinerja yang sangat baik, namun hal ini tidak menentukan capaian level situasi pandemi, karena ada faktor-faktor lain yang berkontribusi. Studi ini merekomendasikan Model Sistem Respons Pemerintah Daerah.
This dissertation discusses cost of illness estimation and local government response in financing the pandemic COVID-19 in Depok and Sukabumi City in 2020-2022. Healthcare costs of confirmed cases which recovered and death including direct medical costs and indirect costs incurred during the COVID-19 pandemic are measured comprehensively, based on age groups, disease severity, morbidity existence, and health service providers ownership status (government or private). Cost of response to pandemic COVID-19 spent by the local government is also measured. In addition, this study also measures the performance of the local government response in financing in six general areas (regional health service capacity; community awareness and empowerment; social protection; legislation to prevent and control infections; sustainability of the provision of essential services, and local economic activities) by using Public Financial Management (PFM) approach. The cost of illness study method is conducted, with a bottom-up approach for all healthcare costs, and human capital approach for estimating the indirect costs. As for the calcualtion of the costs of response to pandemic COVID-19 spent by the local government, it is done with a top-down approach. The locus of study is in West Java Province: Depok dan Sukabumi City. Respondents for this study were 181 recovered confirmed cases and 153 death confirmed cases. An analysis was also carried out on the statutory documents and other official documents issued by the local government related to the financing response related to Covid-19 pandemic. Data collection methods using a retrospective approach (review of medical records and billing documents, local government staffs interview), and review of central and local government documents were carried out in this study. The results showed that direct medical costs per patient recovered reached IDR 32 million, and per patient died IDR 56 million, with the main cost drivers ‘being treatment in the ICU’ and ‘older age’, while the main risk factor for death was ‘severity level’. Patients with severe-critical conditions have a death rate of 13.5 times compared to patients with mild-moderate conditions. The total indirect costs for 3 years in Depok City are IDR 1.33 trillion and in Sukabumi City IDR 102 billion. The total cost of the local government's response was IDR 179 billion (Depok City) and IDR 148 billion (Sukabumi City). The estimated total Cost of Illness of Covid-19 over 3 years is IDR 2.7 trillion (Depok City) and IDR 333 billion (Sukabumi City). The performance of the financing response as measured by assessing the performance of public financial management in Depok City and Sukabumi City during 2020-2022 shows very good performance, however this does not determine the level achieved in the pandemic situation, because there are other factors that contribute. This study recommends a Model of Local Government Response System.
Keselamatan pasien merupakan kewajiban rumah sakit dan bagian integral dari akreditasi sejak 2008. Namun, berbagai permasalahan masih sering ditemukan, sehingga keberlanjutan perbaikan menjadi tantangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan model konseptual strategi peningkatan keselamatan pasien. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan mixed method dengan desain convergent parallel. Data kuantitatif berasal dari Riset Fasilitas Kesehatan 2019 (523 rumah sakit) dan data akreditasi (917 rumah sakit), dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square, regresi logistik, dan analisis jalur. Data kualitatif dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dan telaah dokumen dari enam rumah sakit, dinas kesehatan provinsi, dan Perhimpunan Rumah Sakit Seluruh Indonesia (PERSI) wilayah di Sumatera Utara dan Bali, dengan total 95 informan. Analisis tematik menggunakan perangkat NVivo, dengan kerangka Malcolm Baldrige dan model implementasi Van Meter-Van Horn, meliputi ukuran dan tujuan kebijakan, sumber daya, kepemimpinan, perencanaan strategis, fokus tenaga kerja, fokus operasi, fokus pelanggan, pengukuran, analisis, dan manajemen pengetahuan, komunikasi antar organisasi, serta peran akreditasi. Hasil kuantitatif menunjukkan bahwa pelaporan insiden keselamatan pasien berhubungan signifikan dengan lokasi (Jawa-Bali), status akreditasi, jumlah tempat tidur (> 200), kelas rumah sakit (A dan B), evaluasi pelayanan, audit internal, serta keaktifan komite keselamatan pasien dan pengendalian infeksi. Hasil kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan keselamatan pasien sudah berjalan, namun bervariasi tergantung kepemilikan dan ketersediaan sumber daya. Semua dimensi yang diteliti berpotensi menjadi faktor pendukung maupun penghambat tergantung pengelolaannya. Kepemimpinan yang kuat, fasilitas yang memadai, serta budaya keselamatan yang ditanamkan secara konsisten memperkuat implementasi, sedangkan lemahnya komitmen dan keterbatasan dana menjadi kendala. Hambatan juga muncul dalam pelaporan insiden, baik dari sisi organisasi maupun individu. Penelitian ini menghasilkan model konseptual strategi peningkatan keselamatan pasien yang mencakup integrasi keselamatan pasien dalam perencanaan strategis, penguatan kepemimpinan, peningkatan kapasitas staf, alokasi anggaran memadai, monitoring dan evaluasi berkelanjutan, serta pelibatan pasien. Model ini diharapkan dapat mendorong peningkatan keselamatan pasien secara menyeluruh dan berkelanjutan di rumah sakit.
Patient safety is a mandatory obligation for hospitals and has been an integral part of hospital accreditation since 2008. However, various patient safety issues are still frequently found, making the sustainability of improvements a major challenge. This study aims to formulate a conceptual model of patient safety improvement strategies. A mixed-methods approach with a convergent parallel design was employed. Quantitative data were obtained from the 2019 Rifaskes (523 hospitals) and accreditation records (917 hospitals), and analyzed using chi-square tests, logistic regression, and path analysis. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews and document reviews from six hospitals, provincial health offices, and the Indonesian Hospital Association (PERSI) in North Sumatra and Bali Provinces, involving a total of 95 informants. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo software, guided by the Malcolm Baldrige framework and the Van Meter–Van Horn policy implementation model. Quantitative findings showed that the reporting of patient safety incidents was significantly associated with location (Java–Bali), accreditation status, bed capacity (>200 beds), hospital class (A and B), presence of service evaluations, internal audits, and the activity of patient safety and infection control committees. Qualitative results indicated that while policy implementation was underway, it varied depending on hospital ownership and available resources. All dimensions could act as either enablers or barriers depending on how they were managed. Strong leadership and adequate facilities enhanced implementation, while weak commitment and limited funding were key constraints. Incident reporting also faced challenges at both organizational and individual levels. This study produced a conceptual model for improving patient safety through the integration of safety into strategic planning, strengthened leadership, staff capacity building, sufficient budget allocation, continuous monitoring and evaluation, and enhanced patient engagement. The model is expected to support comprehensive and sustainable patient safety improvements in hospitals
This study investigates the relationship between BPJS Kesehatan patient revenue and profit private hospital financial performance in Indonesia. As the largest social health insurance provider in the country, BPJS Kesehatan's influence on hospital revenues has raised concerns regarding its impact on hospital financial sustainability. This research uses financial performance indicators to develop financial performance index – Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), EBITDA Margin, Current Ratio, and Net Profit Margin (NPM) – to assess the financial impact from BPJS Kesehatan revenue. A partial model approach of multiple linier regression is employed using secondary data from seven private-profit hospitals listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2022. The findings indicate a significant negative effect of BPJS Kesehatan patient revenue on the hospital financial performance index. Specifically, higher BPJS Kesehatan patient revenye correlates with lower performance across key financial indicators, including ROA, ROE, EBITDA Margin, Current Ratio, and NPM. This suggests that while BPJS Kesehatan revenue is essential for hospitals, it does not necessarily improve their financial health performance. The results highlight the need for hospitals to optimize their revenue mix and explore alternative financial strategies to enhance the performance.
