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Chronic kidney disease is a serious problem both in the world and in Indonesia. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease sufferers in the world in 2017 reached 9.1% based on population. While in Indonesia in 2013 it was 0.2%. In Central Java in 2013-2018 there was an increase in prevalence of 0.12%. This study aims to determine the risk factors for chronic kidney disease in the elderly in Central Java. The method used in this study is Universitas Indonesia viii nested case control. The data source used in this study is Riskesdas 2018. A total of 67 respondents belong to the case group and 201 respondents belong to the control group. Based on the analysis, it was found that 6% of respondents who suffer from diabetes mellitus, 32.8% hypertension, and 15.3% obesity, have smoking behavior 44.8%, have poor physical activity 31%, have a low level of education 87.3%, and 45.5% female. Diabetes mellitus had a significant relationship with the OR of 3.27 with 95% CI (1.18~9.09). For this reason, it is important to carry out early detection of Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease by adding a urine dipstick test to the PTM Posbindu program. Meanwhile, the elderly who suffer from diabetes mellitus are advised to have a kidney function test at least once a year. In addition, health promotion regarding healthy living needs to be improved again
Penyakit ginjal kronis merupakan penyebab kematian nomor 12 pada tahun 2017 dan diprediksi menjadi penyebab kematian nomor 5 pada tahun 2040. Berdasarkan data SKI 2023, prevalensi penyakit ginjal kronis di Indonesia adalah 0,18%. Walaupun relatif relatif kecil, masalah yang dihadapi adalah deteksi dini risiko dari faktor risiko penyakit ginjal kronis. Permasalahan penanganan penyakit ginjal kronis di Indonesia adalah kurangnya edukasi mengenai deteksi dini penyakit ginjal kronik serta faktor risikonya kepada masyarakat. Berdasarkan permasalahan ini, dilakukan penelitian untuk melihat faktor-faktor penyebab ginjal kronis di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan data SKI 2023 dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 22639 individu. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan uji kai kuadrat dan dilanjutkan dengan regresi logistik. Dari hasil regresi logistik yang dilakukan didapatkan hasil bahwa variabel yang menjadi faktor terbesar penyebab penyakit ginjal kronis adalah diabetes ( p-value = 0,008 ; OR = 4.792 (1,52-15,14)). Karena hasil penelitian menunjukkan diabetes sebagai faktor terbesar penyebab penyakit ginjal kronis, maka peneliti menyarankan bahwa terdapat dua fokus kebijakan yang dapat dilakukan. Pertama untuk penderita diabetes dalam hal pengontrolan penyakit, dan kedua kepada orang sehat dalam hal skrining dan deteksi dini serta promosi kesehatan untuk penerapan pola hidup sehat.
Chronic kidney disease was the 12th leading cause of death in 2017 and is predicted to be the fifth leading cause of death in 2040. Based on SKI 2023 data, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Indonesia is 0.18%. Although relatively small, the problem faced is early detection of the risk of chronic kidney disease risk factors. The problem of handling chronic kidney disease in Indonesia is the lack of education regarding the early detection of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors to the community. Based on this problem, a study was conducted to see the factors causing kidney chronicity in Indonesia. The study was conducted using SKI 2023 data with a sample size of 22,639 individuals. This study was conducted using the chi-square test and continued with logistic regression. From the results of the logistic regression, it was obtained that the variable that was the most significant factor causing chronic kidney disease was diabetes (p-value = 0.008; OR = 4.792 (1.52-15.14)). Because the results of the study showed diabetes as the most significant factor causing chronic kidney disease, the researcher suggested that there were two policy focuses that could be implemented. Firstly, for people with diabetes in terms of disease control, and secondly, for healthy people in terms of screening and early detection as well as health promotion for implementing a healthy lifestyle.
Prevalence diabetes is increasing rapidly especially in low and middle- income countries, one of which is Indonesia. Based on Riskesdas in 2018, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus based on the diagnosis of doctors in the population of all ages by province reaches 1,5%. The incidence rate of kidney disease in the diabetic population does not decrease. Some large cross-sectional studies in the world reveal that the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in people with type 2 diabetes even reaches 50%. Duration suffering diabetes is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease that needs to be considered. This study aims to determine the relationship duration suffering from diabetes with chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. This type of research is quantitative, with cross-sectional study design. This study uses secondary data from the 2018 Riskesdas survey. The number of samples was 639 people, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study. The analysis used cox regression The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia is 17.68%. There was a relationship duration suffering diabetes with chronic kidney disease in patient type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia which is statistically significant with p = 0.0000. So, important to screening mass type 2 diabetes mellitus as early as possible and routine screening kidney function since type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnose by a doctor.
Background: The burden of disease and mortality caused by Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has increased with the increasing prevalence of CKD risk factors. The National Health Insurance (JKN) program has increased healthcare access. However, the access in urban population is not the same as in rural. Objectives: To find out the relationship between the patients’ residential area (urban or rural) and the role of the contextual variables at the provincial level on the mortality of hospitalized JKN patients with CKD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using BPJS Kesehatan 2015-2016 sample data. Multivariate analysis was performed with Generalized Estimating Equations and continued with multilevel analysis. Results: The study showed the proportion of deaths was 19.95%. Respectively, rural residents compared to urban and treated in hospitals at Regional 1, 3 and 5 had higher mortality risk OR 1.37 (95%CI 1.33-1.41), 1.82 (95%CI 1.72-1.92), 5.90 (95%CI 4.28-8.12) with p<0.01. However, rural residents compared to urban and treated in hospitals at Regional 4 had reduced risk of death, OR 0.51 (95%CI 0.45-0.59;p<0.01) and those whom treated in hospitals at regional 2 had OR 1.03 (95%CI 0.96-1.12; p>0.05). The contextual variables of the study caused 8.98% mortality variance at provincial level. Conclusions: Rural residents had higher risk of death than those in urban and there was small variation in mortality between provinces.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem, due to the increasing prevalence and incidence of CKD, poor prognosis, and high treatment costs. The epidemic of tobacco use with its main use being through smoking is one of the biggest public health threats facing the world, including Indonesia. This study aims to determine the relationship between smoking behavior and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the population aged 15 years in Indonesia. Methods: The research was conducted using quantitative methods and a a cross-sectional analytical design. The source of data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018 with a total sample of 324,801 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Based on the results of the analysis, the prevalence of CKD incidence was 0.5% and the proportion of smoking behavior was 15.8% smoked and 1.8% had ever smoked with 14.1% the average cigarette smoked 20 cigarette/days, 14.5% smoked > 10 years, 8.0% were moderate smokers, and 11.0% smoked kretek. There is a significant relationship between smoking status, smoking duration, smoking degree, and type of cigarette with POR = 1.15 (95% CI = 1.02 ? 1.30), POR = 1.30 (95% CI = 1.15 ? 1.48), POR = 1.89 (95% CI = 1.48 ? 2.40), and POR = 1.91 (95% CI = 1.30 ? 2.80), respectively. In addition, several other risk factor variables had a significant relationship, namely age (POR = 2.66, 95% CI = 2.40 ? 2.96), gender (POR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1, 30 ? 1.60), education level (POR = 1.33 95% CI = 1.20 ? 1.48), hypertension (2.43, 95% CI = 2.20 ? 2.69), diabetes mellitus ( POR = 4.2, 95% CI = 3.63 ? 4.93), heart disease (5.28, 95% CI = 4.51 ? 6.17), consumption of energy drinks (POR = 1.51, 95 % CI = 1.07 ? 2.13), and physical activity (POR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.42 ? 1.77). In addition, the modification effect variables (interaction) were identified, namely employment status, diabetes mellitus, and consumption of energy drinks, and confounding variables, namely age and gender. Conclusion: Smoking behavior, especially smoking status, duration of smoking, degree of smoking, and types of cigarettes smoked are important risk factors that need to be considered in preventing and controlling the incidence of CKD.
