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There are an estimated 120 million cases of pneumonia every year worldwide, resultingin as many as 1.3 million deaths. Every year pneumonia is always ranked as the leadingcause of death of infants and toddlers in Indonesia. This study aims to determine thefactors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in infants (12-59 months) in DKIJakarta Province. The study used secondary data from Riskesdas 2018. The researchdesign used was cross sectional. The results showed the proportion of the incidence ofpneumonia in toddlers was 5.7%. There is no statistically significant relationship betweentoddler characteristics and mother characteristics with the incidence of pneumonia. Theproportion of pneumonia is higher in toddlers aged 25-59 months (OR = 1.852), male(OR = 1.2), complete measles immunization status (OR = 1,448), complete DPT-HB-HiBimmunization status (OR = 1.069), complete vitamin A status (OR = 1.189), and havehighly educated mothers (OR = 1.779). Therefore it is necessary to develop a pneumoniaprevention program for toddlers based on these risk factors, as well as counseling to thecommunity especially mothers and other closest people who is taking care of toddlersabout the symptoms and prevention of pneumoniaKey words:Pneumonia, toddlers, DKI Jakarta.
ABSTRAK Nama : Ananda Program Studi : Epidemiologi Komunitas Judul : Hubungan Insiasi Menyusu Dini (IMD) terhadap Kejadian Pneumonia Balita Usia 2-23 Bulan di Poli MTBS Puskesmas Kecamatan Kalideres Tahun 2018 Pembimbing : drg. Nurhayati A. Prihartono, MPH, M.Sc., ScD Kolostrum merupakan cairan ASI pertama yang kaya akan protein dan mengandung zat antibodi atau kekebalan tubuh yang berfungsi melindungi tubuh terhadap infeksi. Pneumonia merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kemantian balita. Masih sedikitnya penelitian mengenai hubungan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini (IMD) terhadap kejadian pneumonia balita menjadi alasan dilakukannya penelitian ini. Penelitian yang melihat hubungan IMD terhadap kejadian pneumonia balita usia 2-23 bulan di Poli MTBS Puskesmas Kecamatan Kalideres tahun 2018 ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol. Sampel penelitian adalah 62 kasus dan 62 kontrol. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan hubungan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini (IMD) terhadap kejadian pneumonia balita usia 2-23 bulan di Poli MTBS Puskesmas Kecamatan Kalideres Tahun 2018 dengan OR 2,527 (95% CI 1,173 – 5,364). Artinya, balita usia 2-23 bulan yang tidak melakukan IMD memiliki risiko 2,527 kali lebih besar menjadi sakit pneumonia dibandingkan dengan balita usia 2-23 bulan yang melakukan IMD Kata kunci: IMD, MTBS, Pneumonia Balita
ABSTRACT Name : Ananda Study Program : Epidemiology Community Title : Relation of Early Breastfeeding’s Initiation to Pneumonia among 2-23 Months Infants on MTBS at Kalideres Public Health Center 2018 Counsellor : drg. Nurhayati A. Prihartono, MPH, M.Sc., ScD Colostrum is the first breast milk that rich in protein and contains antibodies or immune serving as bodies protection against infection. Pneumonia is one of main causes of death among infants. Fewer researchers on relation of early breastfeeding’s initiation to pneumonia among infants was the reason for this study. This research sees relation of early breastfeeding’s initiation to pneumonia among 2-23 months infants on MTBS at Kalideres public health center 2018 by using case control method. Samples of this research are 62 cases and 62 controls. Result of this research shows relation of early breastfeeding’s initiation to pneumonia among 2-23 infants on MTBS at Kalideres public health centers 2018 (OR 2,527 ; 95% CI 1,173 – 5,364). It means infants among 2-23 months without early initiation of brestfeeding have 2,527 times greater risks of pneumonia than infants among 2-23 months with early initiation of brestfeeding. Key words: Early Initiation, Breastfeeding, Pneumonia, Infants
Pneumonia is number one deadly disease in the world with the prevalance of 44%.In Indonesia, pneumonia in toodler is the leading cause of death after diarrheawith proportion of 15,5%. Pneumonia is a disease caused by a virus and bacteriathat is influence by physical and chemical contaminants. Cross sectional methodused in this research to analyze the indoor air quality and incidence of pneumonia.Significant correlation occur between PM10 and PM2.5 (p < 0.05) with odd ratio4.40 and 3.24. The results of this research showing absence of the relationbetween the density of a dwelling house and room, ventilation in the house and inthe kitchen, smokers in the house and the use of mosquito coil, SO2, NO2 and CO(p > 0.05) with pneumonia.Keyword :Pneumonia, Toodler, PM10, PM2.5
Until now, pneumonia cases still occupy the first position as an infectious disease that causes morbidity and mortality in children under five in Indonesia. The city of Semarang in the last 10 years has not shown a decrease in the trend of pneumonia cases under five based on the Semarang City Health Profile. Climatic factors are one of the risk factors that can affect the susceptibility of the host and present environmental conditions that support pneumonia pathogens to survive. This study aims to determine the correlation between exposure to climate variability (length of sunshine, average air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and maximum wind speed) on the incidence of pneumonia under five in Semarang City in 2012 – 2021. This study used an ecological study design. time series. Methods of analysis include univariate, bivariate and multivariate. This study uses secondary data on cases of pneumonia under five and the climate data of Semarang City in 2012-2021. The univariate results found that the highest average case occurred in March. Analysis of climate data obtained the result that the highest average length of sunshine occurred in August. The highest average air temperature occurs in October. The highest relative humidity occurs in January-February. The highest average rainfall occurs in January-February. The highest average maximum wind speed occurs in January. Spearman correlation test showed a significant relationship (p < 0,05) at lag 0 relative humidity (r = 0.212) and rainfall (r = 0.198); lag 1 duration of sunshine (r = - 0.206), average air temperature (r = - 0.382), relative humidity (r = 0.336), rainfall (r = 0.283); lag 2 duration of sunshine (r = - 0.270), average air temperature (r = - 0.332), relative humidity (r = 0.282), rainfall (r = 0.185); lag 3 duration of sunshine (r = - 0.240), rainfall (r = 0.195). The multivariate test of GAMs Poisson obtained the results that the duration of sunlight (lags 0, 1 and 3), average air temperature (lags 1 and 3), relative humidity (lag 3), rainfall (lag 1) and maximum wind speed (lag 2) has an effect on pneumonia under five in the city of Semarang (R2 = 0.558; RMSE = 6.94). Based on these results, it is important for the community to increase awareness of climate variability and the Health Office is expected to consider the pattern of climate variability in the months that indicate a potential increase in cases in prevention planning and surveillance activities for pneumonia under five in Semarang City.
Toddlers are a population susceptible to PM 2.5 in the air due to the immune system thatis not perfect and the airway is still narrow. PM 2.5 can enter up to the pulmonary alveoliand weaken the respiratory system of the respiratory tract causing pneumonia. Thenumber of pneumonia in Kabupaten Kubu Ra ya, West Kalimantan is still quite high withthe highest number of cases in Sungai Raya District. The purpose of this study was todetermine the relationship between PM 2.5 in air space with the incidence of pneumoniain infants. The research method used is case control. A total sample of 120 samplesconsisting of 60 cases and 60 controls. The results showed that there were four variablesrelated to pneumonia in toddlers namely PM 2.5 in space air, occupancy density, kitchenventilation, and lighting. PM 2.5 in space air is associated with pneumonia in toddlersafter controlled with variables of kitchen ventilation, temperature, lighting, use ofmosquito coils, density, and the habit of opening windows with ORs of 13,596.Key words:pneumonia, toddler, PM 2.5, indoor air pollution.
Kata Kunci: Pneumonia, Balita, Fakto Risiko
Pneumonia in children under five is still major public health problem in the world or in Indonesia. In Indonesia, Pneumonia is the number two cause of death in infants and children under five. Cakung sub-district is one of the areas that have quite a lot cases of pneumonia in children under five. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in the region of Cakung sub-district health center. This study uses a case control study design. The population in this study are all of children aged 12 month until 59 months who lived in the region of Cakung sub-district health center. The results of this study indicate that there was a significant correlation between exposure to secondhand smoke in the home (OR = 4.67; 1.19 to 18.33); the number of ciggarates smoked per day (OR=2,77; 1,12-6,86), lighting in the home (OR = 5.16; 1.94 to 13.70), knowledge of mothers (OR = 3.85; 1.12 to 13.25), nutritional status (OR = 9.14; 1.90 to 43.89), immunization history (OR = 3.85; 1.12 to 13 , 25) and a history of exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 3.11; 1.24 to 7.78) with the incidence of pneumonia among children under five in the region of Cakung sub-district health center. The variable that predicted the most dominant cause of pneumonia is the nutritional status (OR = 5.607; 1.082 to 29.058).
Keywords: Pneumonia, Children under five, Risk factors
