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Metabolic syndrome refers to the presence of a cluster of risk factors specific for cardiovascular disease. The cluster of metabolic factors includes central obesity, impaired fasting blood glucose, low HDL cholesterol, high triglyceride levels, and high blood pressure. This study aims to identify the dominant factor and related factors associated with metabolic syndrome in the Indonesian population aged 15 and over years old. This research is a quantitative research with cross-sectional study design and the data was obtained from the Indonesia Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) 2018. The association between risk factors and metabolic syndrome were measured through chi-square bivariate analysis and binary logistic regression. Multivariate analysis was done using multiple logistic regression. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 32%. The results demonstrates that age, sex, level of education, residence type, occupation status, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, fruits and vegetable intake, sweet food intake, sugar sweetened beverages intake, physical activity, mental and emotional disturbance, and nutritional status were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (p value <0,05). Elderly was the most dominant risk factor for metabolic syndrome (p value = 0,000; OR 8,935 ; 95% CI : 5,977 ? 13.358)
Hypertension is one of diseases caused world health problems. The prevalence of hypertension is predicted will be increase. Hypertension in Indonesia are dominated by the female population. One of the risk factors caused hypertension is the use of hormonal contraception. This study aims to determine the association between the last birth hormonal contraception and the prevalence of hypertension. The research design was cross-sectional from January to June 2023 used the 2018 Riskesdas data. The exposed group was 45,178 respondents who used hormonal contraception and the unexposed group was 30,845 who did not use hormonal contraception. The results showed that there was a significant association between the use of hormonal contraception and the prevalence of hypertension after controlling for age and body mass index with AdjPR 1.10 (95% CI 1.06–1.12). This study also assessed the association between types of hormonal contraception including 3-month injection contraception with AdjPR value of 1.08 (95% CI 1.05-1.12); 1-month injectable contraception with AdjPR value of 0.99 (95% CI 0.93-1.05), implant contraceptive AdjPR 0.90 (95% CI 0.84-0.96), and contraceptive pill AdjPR 1.30 (95% CI 1.23-1.35). This is expected to illustrate the importance of choosing the right contraception to prevent the hypertension
