Abstrak: Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh infeksi M. tuberculosis. Bakteri ini biasanya menyerang paru-paru, namun bakteri TB dapat menyerang setiap bagian dari tubuh seperti ginjal, tulang belakang, dan otak. Tingginya prevalensi TB paru di Indramayu (1,1%) dan rumah sehat (66,1%) yang masih di bawah standar Kementerian kesehatan merupakan landasan dari tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui pengaruh angka kuman di udara dengan kejadian TB paru dan mempertimbangkan karakteristik individu , perilaku dan kondisi lingkungan rumah di masyarakat kabupaten Indramayu. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol. Jumlah sampel 50 kasus (BTA positif) dan 50 kontrol (BTA negatif) diuji menggunakan Chi Square (χ²), dan regresi logistik. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara PM2.5 OR=5,63 (CI=2,36 -13,42) dengan kejadian TB Paru. Selain itu ada 8 variabel yang menunjukkan besarnya risiko untuk terjadinya TB Paru yaitu terdapat pada variabel umur OR=1,63 (CI=0,74-3,62), riwayat kontak OR=2,25 (CI=0,91-5,54), kebiasaan merokok OR=1,78 (CI=0,75-4,25), angka kuman OR=1,67(CI=0,74-3,77), pencahayaan OR=1,99 (CI=0,82-4,83), ventilasi OR=6,68 (CI=0,77-57,69), jenis lantai OR=1,74 (CI=0,39-7,71) dan jenis dinding OR=2,55 (CI=0,62-10,49). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan responden yang tinggal di rumah dengan jumlah angka kuman tidak memenuhi syarat berisiko menderita TB paru 1,5 kali dibandingkan dengan responden yang tinggal di rumah dengan angka kuman memenuhi syarat setelah dikontrol oleh variabel PM2.5, riwayat kontak dan ventilasi Kata Kunci: Tuberkulosis, Angka kuman, Karakteristik individu, Perilaku Kondisi Lingkungan rumah Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by infection with M.Tuberculosis. These bacteria usually attack the lungs, but also can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. Prevalence of pulmonary TB in Indramayu (1,1%) is high and healthy homes (66,1%) is still under the standards of health ministry. This research using case-control design. Number of samples 50 cases (BTA positive) and 50 control (BTA Negative). The result of this study indicate an association between PM2.5 (5,63 (2,36-13,42) with incidence pulmonary tuberculosis. There are eight variables that indicate of the risk for the occurrence of pulmonary TB that is variable age OR=1,63 (CI=0,74-3,62), history of contact OR=2,25 (CI=0,91-5,54), smoking OR=1,78 (CI=0,75-4,25), bacteria count OR=1,67(CI=0,74-3,77), lighting OR=1,99 (CI=0,82-4,83, ventilation OR=6,68 (CI=0,77-57,69), the type of floor OR=1,74 (CI=0,39-7,71) and the type of wall OR=2,55 (CI=0,62-10,49). The respondents living in the house with bacteria count that are not eligible at risk of suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis by 1.5 times compared to respondents who lived in the house with bacteria count eligible after controlled by variable PM2.5, contact history and ventilation. Key Words: Tuberculosis, Bacteria count, Individual characteristics, Behavior, Home Environment

Abstrak: Melihat masih tingginya angka kejadian pneumonia pada balita dan belum diketahuipengaruh keberadaan Bakteri Staphylococcus sp sebagai salah satu bakteri penyebabpneumonia di udara ruang maka perlu ada penelotian tentang hubungan keberadaanBakteri Staphylococcus sp di udara ruang dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita setelahdikontrol dengan variabel perancunya pada balita di Kota Bandar Lampung tahun 2016.Penelitian ini menggunakan data kajian pneumonia oleh BBTKLPP Jakarta pada tahun2016. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 75 kasus dan 75 kontrol yang berasal dari 6 Kecamatandi Kota Bandar Lampung. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan kesimpulan terdapat hubungankeberadaan Bakteri Staphylococcus sp di udara ruang dengan kejadian pneumonia padabalita setelah dikontrol variabel perancu di Kota Bandar Lampung (OR=7,332 CI 95%2,874-18,707) dimana balita yang positif ditemukan Bakteri Staphylococcus sp di udararuang rumahnya memiliki risiko 7,332 kali lebih besar terkena pneumonia.Kata kunci:Pneumonia, balita, faktor risiko, case control

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Seeing the high rate of pneumonia incidence in infant and unknown effect ofStaphylococcus sp bacteria as one of the bacteria causing pneumonia in indoor air, hencethere is need of research about relation of existence of Staphylococcus sp bacteria inindoor air with incidence of pneumonia in infant after controlled with confoundingvariable at infant in Bandar Lampung City in 2016. This research used pneumonia studydata by BBTKLPP Jakarta in 2016. The sample of research are 75 cases and 75 controlsfrom 6 sub districts in Bandar Lampung City. From the result of the research, it can beconcluded that there is a relationship between an existence of Staphylococcus sp bacteriain indoor air with the incidence of pneumonia in infants after controlled confoundingvariables in Bandar Lampung City (OR = 7,332 CI 95% 2,874-18,707) where the infantfound Staphylococcus sp bacteria in indoor air his home had a 7,332 times greater risk ofdeveloping pneumonia.Key words:Pneumonia, Infant, risk factors, case control.

Abstrak: Balita merupakan populasi yang rentan terhadap PM 2,5 di udara dikarenakan sistemimun yang belum sempurna dan jalan napasnya yang masih sempit. PM 2,5 dapat masuksampai ke alveoli paru dan melemahkan sistem pertahanan lokal saluran pernapasansehingga menyebabkan pneumonia. Angka pneumonia di Kabupaten Kubu Raya,Kalimantan Barat masih cukup tinggi dengan jumlah kasus yang terbanyak di KecamatanSungai Raya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara PM 2,5 dalamudara ruang dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Metode penelitian yang digunakanadalah kasus kontrol. Total sampel sebanyak 120 sampel yang terdiri dari 60 kasus dan60 kontrol. Hasil penelitian didapatkan terdapat empat variabel yang berhubungan denganpneumonia pada balita yaitu PM 2,5 dalam udara ruang, kepadatan hunian, ventilasidapur, dan pencahayaan. PM 2,5 dalam udara ruang berhubungan dengan pneumoniapada balita setelah dikontrol dengan variabel ventilasi dapur, suhu, pencahayaan,penggunaan obat nyamuk bakar, kepadatan hunian, dan kebiasaan membuka jendeladengan OR sebesar 13,596.Kata kunci:pneumonia, balita, PM 2,5, pencemaran udara dalam ruangan

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Toddlers are a population susceptible to PM 2.5 in the air due to the immune system thatis not perfect and the airway is still narrow. PM 2.5 can enter up to the pulmonary alveoliand weaken the respiratory system of the respiratory tract causing pneumonia. Thenumber of pneumonia in Kabupaten Kubu Ra ya, West Kalimantan is still quite high withthe highest number of cases in Sungai Raya District. The purpose of this study was todetermine the relationship between PM 2.5 in air space with the incidence of pneumoniain infants. The research method used is case control. A total sample of 120 samplesconsisting of 60 cases and 60 controls. The results showed that there were four variablesrelated to pneumonia in toddlers namely PM 2.5 in space air, occupancy density, kitchenventilation, and lighting. PM 2.5 in space air is associated with pneumonia in toddlersafter controlled with variables of kitchen ventilation, temperature, lighting, use ofmosquito coils, density, and the habit of opening windows with ORs of 13,596.Key words:pneumonia, toddler, PM 2.5, indoor air pollution.

Abstrak: ABSTRAK
PM2,5 merupakan salah satu indikator adanya pencemaran udara dalamruang (indoor air pollution). Indonesia termasuk peringkat kelima jumlah kasus TBterbesar di dunia, dan Kota Cirebon merupakan kota dengan angka penemuan kasusTB paru tertinggi di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmenganalisis hubungan PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah dengan kejadian TBparu BTA positif di Kota Cirebon.Disain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Kriteria kasus adalah penderitabaru TB Paru yang berusia minimal 15 tahun dan hasil pemeriksaan sputum positifberdasarkan konfirmasi laboratorium Puskesmas periode November 2014 s/d April2015 serta bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Kriteria kontrol adalah tetanggaterdekat kasus yang tidak menderita TB paru, tidak memiliki gejala klinis mirip TBparu berdasarkan konfirmasi dari petugas puskesmas setempat, berusia minimal 15tahun dan bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Total jumlah sampel adalah 168responden dengan jumlah kasus adalah 84 responden, dan kontrol 84 responden.Konsentrasi PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah berpengaruh terhadapkejadian TB paru BTA positif di Kota Cirebon (OR 7,034; 95% CI 3,570 ? 13,860).Variabel lainnya yang signifikan adalah jenis kelamin (OR 3,947; 95% CI 2,026-7,692), lama berada di rumah (OR 2,682; 95% CI 1,430 ? 5,028), jenis bahan bakarmemasak (OR 3,260; 95% CI 1,116-9,523), status merokok (OR 3,034; 95% CI1,446 ? 6,365), jenis atap rumah (OR 3,713; 95% CI 1,945 ? 7,089), dan lajuventilasi kamar (OR 2,493; 95% CI 1,264 ? 4,918). Hasil analisis multivariatdengan regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi PM2,5 dalam rumahberhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru BTA positif (OR adjusted 6,14; 95% CI2,904-12,975) dikontrol oleh variabel jenis kelamin, jenis atap rumah, dan lajuventilasi kamar. Masih banyak rumah yang belum dilengkapi jendela atauventilasinya kurang, atap rumah tidak dilengkapi oleh langit-langit, sehingga masihbanyak rumah yang tidak memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat. Diperlukan upayapeningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat tentang kriteria rumah sehat,dan masyarakat agar menjaga pola perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, termasuk tidakmerokok.

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ABSTRACT
PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.;PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking., PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.]

Abstrak: Kebisingan lalu lintas menjadi sumber utama dari kebisingan yang ada di perkotaan. Kebisingan merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan masyarakat. Paparan kebisingan dapat meningkatkan kerusakan fisik yang dinilai sebagai bahaya kesehatan seperti risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler. Paparan jangka panjang dari kebisingan transportasi telah terbukti berhubungan dengan prevalensi kejadian hipertensi. Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit pembuluh darah yang sering tidak menimbulkan gejala, disebut silent killer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan kebisingan lalu lintas di pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dengan terjadinya hipertensi pada petugas pelabuhan tahun 2015. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah studi crossectional dengan populasi adalah petugas operasional pelabuhan Tanjung Priok. Subjek penelitian ini adalah petugas operasional pelabuhan Tanjung Priok yang terpajan bising sejumlah 178 orang. Hasil analisa multivariat didapatkan bahwa petugas pelabuhan yang terpapar kebisingan >70 dBA berisiko 2,249 kali menderita hipertensi dibandingkan dengan petugas pelabuhan yang terpapar kebisingan ≤70 dBA dengan dikontrol oleh variabel usia, status perkawinan, status gizi dan jam kerja responden. Penyakit hipertensi pada petugas pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dapat terjadi karena tingkat kebisingan lalu lintas yang melebihi NAB, usia pekerja yang lebih dari 39 tahun, status gizi berlebih dan jam kerja yang lama sehingga perlunya upaya-upaya untuk menurunkan morbiditas hipertensi pada petugas pelabuhan dengan melakukan penamanan pohon untuk mereduksi suara bising, melakukan olahraga secara rutin, memperbaiki pola makan, dan memenuhi waktu kerja sesuai dengan jam kerja yang telah ditetapkan dalam Undang-Undang. Kata kunci : Kebisingan lalu lintas, hipertensi, petugas pelabuhan