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Indonesia is the fifth largest country with shoe industri in the world, the biggest after China, India, Vietnam and Brazil. Shoe assembly using adhesives or glue that contain volatile organic compounds (such as benzene, toluene and xylen) with benzene content in the glue is known to reach 2%. Benzene can enter imperfectly rapidly into the human body and animals through inhalation exposure, human benzene exposure is shown to be associated with various acute and severe diseases including cancer and aplastic anemia. In addition, benzene and its metabolites are also proven in increased oxidative stress seen from increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased antioxidants in the body. This study aims to identify benzene concentrations in the air of the workplace and the relationship between benzene in the body through measurement of S-Phenylmercapturic Acid (S-PMA) biomarkers against oxidative stress through measurement of MDA plasma level of sandal / shoe workers.This study used cross-sectional study on ten shoe workshops in Desa Sukajaya , Kecamatan Tamansari, Kabupaten Bogor from March to May 2018. The number of samples as much as 64 workers taken by total sampling method. The results showed an average concentration of benzene in the air of the workplace is still under the treshold value which determined by Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja No. 13 Year 2011 (0.002066 ppm) and there are no significant relationship between concentrations of S-PMA in urine against the levels of MDA blood plasma. Meanwhile, there is a significant relationship between exercise habit variables against blood plasma MDA level but no significant relationship between variable length of work, smoking status, coffee consumption, and BMI of workers againist blood plasma MDA levels of workers.The concentration of benzene is still below the treshold limit but should be minimized because benzene is a carcinogenic substance that can accumulate in the body so that the preventive action such as improvement of ventilation, regulation of working hours, and a prohibition on smoking at work should be applied.
Benzene can be enzymatically increasing the formation of Reactive OxygenSpecies (ROS) that affect the cells and cause oxidative damage. Malondialdehyde(MDA) is the end product of lipid peroxidation and is one indicator of oxidativestress caused by free radicals. S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) be the parameterof benzene exposure in humans. This study aimed to analyze the associationSPMA against MDA in shoe workers. The research method uses design analyticcross-sectional study. Selection of the sample using one level cluster to informalindustry. The samples in this study are 64 workers. The results showed thatmedian levels concentration of SPMA is 10.24 mg/g creatinine or 20 respondents(31.2%) had a concentration of SPMA urine above the value of biologicalexposure index (BEI) (> 25 mg / g creatinine), and median levels of serum MDAworkers are 6.38 μmol/L. Based on statistical test, we know that have a significantassociation for concentration of SPMA to increase MDA after controlling by age,length of employment, smoking status, alcohol habits, exercise habits and habit ofeating vegetables and fruits (R2: 0133, p-value: 0.039). This study shows thatexposure to benzene giving adverse effects on oxidative stress in addition toworkers by age workers.Keywords: Benzene; Small Scale Industry; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative Stress;S-phenylmercapturic acid;
Latar Belakang: Erupsi gunung berapi di Yogyakarta, pada tahun 2010 memuntahkan debu vulkanik yang tersebar di udara terhirup ke dalam saluran pernafasan penduduk di sekitarnya sehingga menimbulkan gangguan fungsi faal paru. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan penggunaan masker dengan gangguan fungsi faal paru. Metode: Studi cross-sectional dilaksanakan di desa Sedayu, pada Maret 2011. Sebanyak 196 responden umur 21 – 50 tahun dipilih dengan rancangan sampel klaster 2 tahap. Pemilihan klaster pada tahap pertama dilakukan secara PPS (probability proportionate to size), berdasarkan dusun yang ada dan tahap kedua secara acak sederhana dengan unit elementer individu. Dilakukan wawancara terstruktur dan pemeriksaan menggunakan spirometer. Hasil: Prevalensi gangguan fungsi faal paru pada populasi adalah 48,47%. Masker N-95 memberikan proteksi paling baik diantara semua jenis masker yang diteliti yaitu Prevalence Odd Ratio (POR) adjust = 0,101 (95% CI 0,011 – 0,930). Kesimpulan: Disarankan menggunakan masker N-95 untuk mengurangi gangguan fungsi faal paru akibat paparan debu vulkanik. Penelitian dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar perlu dilakukan. Kata kunci : debu vulkanik, masker, gangguan fungsi faal paru, Merapi
Background: volcano eruption in Yogyakarta, in 2010 spewed volcanic ash spread in the air inhaled into the respiratory tract in the surrounding population, giving rise to of respiratory physiological disorder. This research is to determine relationships mask use with respiratory physiological disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in the village Sedayu, in March 2011. A total of 196 respondents aged 21-50 years selected with 2-stage cluster sample design. Selection of clusters in the first stage carried out by PPS (probability proportionate to size), based on the existing village and the second stage is simple random sampling with an elementary unit is the individual. Structured interview and examination using a spirometer. Results: The prevalence of respiratory physiological disorder in a population is 48.47%. N-95 masks provide the best protection among all types of masks studied were Prevalence Odd Ratio (POR) adjusted = 0.101 (95% CI 0.011 - 0.930).. Conclusion: It is recommended to use N-95 masks to reduce respiratory physiological disorder due to exposure to volcanic ash. Further research with larger sample size also be conducted. Keywords: volcanic ash, mask, respiratory physiological disorder, Merapi.
