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Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a congenital disorder that can have an impact inthe form of permanent mental retardation. Giving the right dose of levothyroxine atthe earliest possible age, can prevent the disruption of growth and development.Newborns do not show symptoms of CH, and unfortunately the symptoms appear inthe late period and in many cases it shows growth disorders. The congenitalhypothyroidism screening (CHS) program has been implemented to find infant caseswith CH, and followed up with treatment.Although it has been made since 2006, Minister of Health just issued the regulationin 2014 on the implementation of CHS in Indonesia. This economic evaluation of theCHS program in 2014-2015 was done using cost analysis, while outcome obtainedfrom the systematic review (SR). The assumptions used in the analysis weredeveloped based on real data from a CHS screening program in two referrallaboratories in Jakarta and Bandung. Out of 56.186 screened babies, 24 babies werefound as CH positive cases.The result of the SR revealed that the earlier onset of initiation therapy, the moreadequate dose and the more continuous therapy given to the patient, the better resultwill be achieved. It will prevent the patients from severe complications of CH andwill improve the quality of thegrowth and development..The study found that the economic benefit is achieved in the second year of CHtreatment, since the pathological symptoms generally appear at the age of 3-6 monthand parents seek care in the second year. Consequently, cost to treat patients willincrease. The cost of screening and early treatment was found worthy as compared toeconomic loss resulting from growth disorders.Key words:Congenital Hypothyroid screening, cost, outcome
ABSTRAK Nama : Wirda Syari Program Studi : Magister Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Judul : Evaluasi Ekonomi Parsial Antara Pemberian Terapi Rivaroxaban dan Terapi Kombinasi (UFH + Warfarin) untuk Pengobatan Trombosis Vena Dalam (Deep Vein Thrombosis) pada Pasien Kanker di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais Tahun 2016 – 2018 Pembimbing : Dr. drg. Mardiati Nadjib, MS Berdasarkan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya, diketahui bahwa terapi rivaroxaban memiliki beberapa kelebihan dibandingkan dengan terapi kombinasi (UFH + warfarin) untuk pengobatan trombosis vena dalam (deep vein thrombosis/DVT). Akan tetapi, masih sedikit dokter di RS Kanker Dharmais yang memberikan terapi rivaroxaban untuk pengobatan DVT. Penelitian evaluasi ekonomi parsial ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas/outcome dan besarnya biaya yang dibutuhkan dari perspektif rumah sakit antara pemberian terapi rivaroxaban dan terapi kombinasi (UFH + warfarin) untuk pengobatan DVT pada pasien kanker di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais tahun 2016 – 2018. Karena keterbatasan jumlah pasien yang mendapatkan terapi rivaroxaban selama 3 – 6 bulan, studi ini menganalisis biaya dan efektivitas/outcome dari pasien yang mendapatkan terapi selama 1 bulan. Efektivitas/outcome yang diukur adalah intermediate outcome, yang meliputi lama hari rawat, kesembuhan, dan kejadian perdarahan. Biaya dihitung berdasarkan biaya yang dibebankan kepada pasien (charge), yang meliputi biaya obat, pemeriksaan penunjang, tindakan, serta administrasi dan akomodasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa untuk efektivitas/outcome terapi rivaroxaban, sebagian besar pasien tidak mendapatkan perawatan rawat inap, 40% pasien dinyatakan sembuh dari DVT, dan tidak ada pasien yang mengalami kejadian perdarahan. Rata-rata biaya terapi rivaroxaban hingga mencapai outcome yang diharapkan adalah Rp 8.824.791,00. Untuk efektivitas/outcome terapi kombinasi (UFH + warfarin), sebagian besar pasien memiliki lama hari rawat antara 8 – 14 hari, 46% pasien dinyatakan sembuh dari DVT, dan tidak ada pasien yang mengalami kejadian perdarahan. Rata-rata biaya terapi kombinasi (UFH + warfarin) hingga mencapai outcome yang diharapkan adalah Rp 13.201.698,00. Kata Kunci: Evaluasi ekonomi; kanker; rivaroxaban; trombosis vena dalam; warfarin
ABSTRACT Name : Wirda Syari Study Program : Magister of Public Health Title : Partial Economic Evaluation Between Rivaroxaban Therapy and Combination Therapy (UFH + Warfarin) for the Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Cancer Patients at Dharmais Cancer Hospital during 2016 - 2018 Counsellor : Dr. drg. Mardiati Nadjib, MS Based on previous studies, rivaroxaban therapy has several advantages compared to combination therapy (UFH + warfarin) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However, the use of rivaroxaban in Dharmais Cancer Hospital is still low. This partial economic evaluation study aims to analyze cost and consequence of rivaroxaban therapy and combination therapy (UFH + warfarin) for DVT treatment in cancer patients at the Dharmais Cancer Hospital during 2016 – 2018. Data collection was done using cohort-retrospective and individual unit of analysis. Due to limited number of patient treated with rivaroxaban therapy within 3-6 months, we estimated the cost and consequence related to patients who were successfully treated in one month. The consequence was the intermediate outcome, i.e length of stay, recovery, and the occurrence of bleeding. The cost was calculated based on hospital perspective including drugs, laboratory tests, procedures, as well as the administrative and accommodation costs. The results showed that patients with rivaroxaban therapy were not admitted to inpatient care, 40% of patients were recovered from DVT, and none of the patients experienced bleeding. The average cost of rivaroxaban therapy to reach the expected outcome was Rp 8,824,791.00. The study also showed that the outcome of combination therapy (UFH + warfarin) were length of stay between 8 to 14 days, 46% of patients were recovered from DVT, and none of the patients experienced bleeding. The average cost of combination therapy (UFH + warfarin) to reach the expected outcome was Rp 13,201,698.00. Key words: Cancer; deep vein thrombosis; economic evaluation; rivaroxaban; warfarin
Katarak merupakan penyebab utama kebutaan di Indonesia dan dunia pada umumnya. Diperkirakan l,5% prevalensi kebutaan terjadi di Indonesia dan merupakan yang tertinggi di Asia Tenggara. Provinsi Sumatera Selatan merupakan Salah satu provinsi di Indonesia dengan prevalensi kebutaan yang cukup tinggi 1,3%). Tingginya penumpukan kasus (backlog) katarak disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan antara insiden katarak dengan operasi yang dilakukan setiap tahunnya. Operasi katarak merupakan salah salu tindakan operatif yang terbukti cost effective. Bcberapa jenis metode operasi diharapkan bisa mengatasi backlog katarak dan bisa diterima baik dari sisi provider juga dari penerima pelayanan (penderita). Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS) dan Phacoemalsfficarion diharapkan bisa rnenjadi standar operasi katarak di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia dan Sumatera Selatan khususnya di kota Palembang. Penelitian ini membandingkan dua metode operasi katarak, MSICS dan phacoemulsification. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan biaya rata-rata dan output operasi katarak yang dilakukan di dua klinik khusus mata di Palembang, Sumatera Selatan yaitu Palembang Eye Centre untuk metode MSICS dan Sriwijaya Eye Centre untuk metode Phacoemulsificataion. Sampel adalah 55 penderita yang dioperasi dengan metode MSICS dan 60 pasien yang dioperasi dengan metode phacoemulsification. Penelitian dilakukan secara prospektif dari bulan Februari sampai dengan April 2008. Data demografi penderita, visus sebelum dan sesudah operasi diperoleh dari rekam medis dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biaya total pada phacoemulsification lebih besar dibandingkan metode MSICS. Phacoemulsification membutuhkan biaya investasi yang besar untuk mesin phacoemulsification dan mikroskop operasi serta biaya bahan medis habis pakai dan lensa tanam per kasus yang dioperasi. Pada metode MSICS biaya bahan medis habis pakai ini mengambii porsi 46 % dari biaya total dan 63 % pada metode phacoemulsiiication. Biaya bahan medis habis pakai adalah Rp.866.850 untuk MSICS dan Rp.2.008.750 untuk phacoemulsification. Perbandingan biaya rata-rata per operasi adaiah Rp. 1.895.019 untuk metode MSICS dan Rp.3.20l.4l6 untuk phacoemulsiiication. Biaya investasi per unit operasi pada metode MSICS lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode phacoemulsification sedangkan biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan rata-rata per operasi pada metode MSICS lebih rendah. Pada penelitian ini sebanyak 8l,8% penderita yang dioperasi dengan metode MSICS dan 96,7 % penderita yang dioperasi dengan metode phacoemulsification bisa mencapai perbaikan visus 6/ 12 atau lebih pada 4 minggu post operasi. Pada penelitian ini hanya biaya dari sisi provider yang dihitung, sementara biaya dari sisi penderita tidak dihitung. Pengukuran visus post operasi hanya dilakukan sampai minggu ke-4. Karena keterbatasan inilah, hasil evaluasi ekonomi ini harus diinterpretasikan secara hati-hati dan metode operasi manakah yang lebih cost-effective belum dapat disimpulkan. Kesimpulan yang bisa dibuat dari penelitian ini adalah biaya operasi katarak dengan metode MSICS Iebih effisien secara ekonomi dan bisa dipilih sebagai altematif dalam penanganan baclog katarak.
Cataract is the main cause of avoidable blindness in Indonesia and throughout the world. There are an estimated prevalence l.5 % of blindness in Indonesia, the highest one in South East Asia. South Sumatera is one of the province in Indonesia having high prevalence of blindness (l,8%). A huge backlog of cataract blindness is due to imbalance of cataract incidence and surgery done every year. Cataract extraction is one of the cost eiective surgical interventions. Any type of cataract surgery, which is expected to tackle the backlog has to be affordable to service provider and the service recipient (patient). Manual Small incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS) and Phacoemulsilication are expected to be the standard of care for cataract surgery. A small incision is done and does not need to be sutured makes both of these methods to have high quality in restoring visual function after cataract surgery. This study was done to make comparison of these two methods, MSICS and phacoemulsification, aimed to compare the average cost and output of cataract surgeries done in two Eye Care Centre in Palembang, South Sumatera, namely Palembang Eye Centre for MSICS methods and Sriwijaya Eye Centre for phacoemulsitication methods. The sample of 55 patient for MSICS and 60 patient for phacoemulsification were enrolled prospectively from February to April 2008. Data on patient demography, pre operative and post operative visual acuity were abstracted from medical record and observation. Output was measured as visual acuity 4 weeks post operatively. The total cost for phacoemulsification was higher than that for MSICS in this study. Phacoernulsitication requires a high capital investment for a phacoemulsiiication machine and a more expensive operating microscope along with higher cost per case for disposable and a foldable IOL. Consumable cost contributes 46 % of total cost for MSICS and 63 % for Phacoemulsitication. Consumable cost was Rp.866.850 for MSICS and Rp.2.008.'/50 for phacoemulsification. Cost per catarct surgery was Rp.l.895.0l9 for MSICS as compared to Rp.3.20l.4l6 for phacoemulsitication. Average investment cost for MSICS was higher than that for phacoemulsification. Average operational cost (without consumable cost in operating room) and average maintence cost of MSICS were lower than phacoemulsification in this study. The result of the study showed that 81,8 % patients of MSICS procedures and 96,7 % patients of phacoemulsification procedures achieved 6/ 12 or better visual acuity 4 weeks postoperatively. In this study Only provider cost was calculated while the consumer cost was not included. Visual acuity was measured merely 4 weeks postoperatively. BCVA (Best Corrected Visual Acuity) is used as an outcome measure for cataract surgery. These limitations of the study make the result of this economic evaluation sould be interpreted cautiously. Whether one method is more cost-effective can not be concluded from this study. The conclusion of this study is that the MSICS method being the more efficient method to tackle cataract backlog.
Demand for healthcare remain low, even though Indonesian government continueto increase healthcare funding, and implemented the social health insurance thatcovers more than a half of whole population through Jaminan KesehatanNasional (JKN). Numerous studies mentioned that the Supplier induced Demand(SID) is one of many reason why healthcare expenditure is increasing, causingmore financial pressures, increasing the share of national resources spent onhealthcare, which all of these can occur with few benefits for the health of thepopulation.Using data from Indonesian Household Survey (Susenas 2012) and Potensi Desa(Podes 2011), this study provides an empirical evidence of the phenomenon usingmicroeconometrics approach under the two-part modeling, analyzing district levelphysician density on the individual numbers of doctor visit to find evidenceindicating the existence of SID phenomenon in Indonesia.This is the initial study of the phenomenon in Indonesia, and it concludes thatphysician density is proven exogenous and has positive effect on the frequency ofdoctor visit, thus giving evidence indicating Supplier Induced Demandphenomenon occurred in Indonesia. Nevertheles, poor health status of patients isstill the main reason of the healthcare utilization.Keywords: supplier induced demand, demand for healthcare, health insurance,outpatient care
