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Crowding conditions in the Emergency Unit has become a global issue in all health care systems for more than two decades. This is due to a high number of boarding times which causes an accumulation number of patients in the ER. The purpose of this study sought was to determine the factors associated with boarding time delays in the emergency department. The researcher used a literature review as a method and used Pubmed, Scopus, Proquest, Google Scholar, and UI Library databases which produces 15 included articles, and articles published in the last ten years, discussing factors related to boarding time delays in the emergency department, and articles with quantitative methods. , qualitative, and mix-method. The results of the included study from 15 articles resulted in several causes of delays in boarding time in the ER, including the availability of beds caused by the patient's unplanned return and taking 118 minutes (2 hours) longer than the planned return. The limited number of health workers not only causes an increase in boarding time but also reduces health services and patient safety. The patient's diagnosis time in the ER takes longer because doctors need to collect more data to make a patient's diagnosis. Patients who enter the ER are patients with high emergencies, the more emergency requires a longer diagnosis and increases the boarding time in the ER. The availability of special wards takes a lot of time at boarding time because apart from requiring special treatment, the number of special wards is also limited. The high level of hospital capacity also increases the number of boarding times because patients have to wait for health services due to queuing, thereby increasing the number of boarding times. Consultations between patients and doctors occur in the ER for patients with high emergencies, because before taking action, doctors need to know more about the pain experienced by the patient. It can be concluded that the factors related to the delay in boarding time at hospital are availability of beds, limited number of health workers, time of patient diagnosis, level of emergency, availability of special wards, high level hospital capacity, and number of consuls with specialist doctors. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study on the standard boarding time in the emergency department at the hospital.
The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is currently very high and is a global health problem. The high maternal mortality rate in several countries, especially developing countries, reflects that people's access to quality health services is deficient. According to Thaddeus and Maine, three factors influence maternal mortality and are known as the Three Delays model. One example of these three factors is the delay in referrals experienced by the mother. This study aimed to determine the factors that affect the delay in the referral process to the mother. The method used is a literature review using the Pubmed, Scopus, Proquest, Garuda, and Google Scholar databases producing 16 articles according to the inclusion criteria, namely articles in the last ten years, discussing factors that inhibit maternal referrals, as well as articles using quantitative, qualitative and qualitative methods, and mix-method. The results showed that there are factors that affect the delay in the maternal referral process, which are divided into 3 significant factors, namely socio-economic and cultural factors, accessibility of health services, and quality of services and care. Socio-economic and cultural factors are factors that are inherent in the mother and the culture that exists in society. Distance and travel time, transportation problems, and costs are factors in terms of accessibility. Then for the quality of care and service factors that affect the staff, facilities and infrastructure in health facilities, and inadequate management. Based on the included studies' results, most of these factors were found in the articles obtained. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the referral system for each relevant stakeholder.
Kata kunci: boarding, transfer, lean six sigma, Instalasi Gawat Darurat Every year,
Bed Occupancy Ratio (BOR) of Hermina Hospital Bekasi has increased, as well as the number of patients who admitted to the hospital through emergency room. This increase leads to the buildup of boarding patients at emergency departments that can not be transferred to the inpatient room. This study analyzes the boarding and transfer of patients from ED to inpatient room through lean six-sigma approach with time motion study from 30 patients. The lean approach shows the percentage of value added and non value added activities while six sigma provides an overview of the activity variations in the process. The results showed that the patient took 2 hours 31 minutes 48 seconds in the process of boarding and transfer with the percentage of value added activities 20.77% and non value added activities 79.23%. Based on 5whys analysis, the root cause of the problem is the unplanned discharge patient.
Keywords: boarding, transfer, lean six sigma, Emergency Department
Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) rumah sakit merupakan unit krusial yang sering mengalami kepadatan pasien, yaitu kondisi ketika jumlah pasien yang datang per satuan waktu melebihi kapasitas sumber daya dan ruang yang tersedia. Kepadatan ini berdampak pada penurunan kualitas pelayanan, peningkatan risiko keselamatan pasien, serta peningkatan beban kerja tenaga kesehatan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk meninjau faktor-faktor penyebab kepadatan dan dampaknya terhadap sistem pelayanan di IGD rumah sakit berdasarkan literature review. Penelitian ini merupakan studi literature review yang menggunakan sumber dari database PubMed, Scopus, dan Google Scholar dengan rentang tahun 2019–2024. Sebanyak 15 artikel dipilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditentukan. Faktor penyebab kepadatan pasien di Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) rumah sakit diklasifikasikan dalam tiga kelompok: input (kasus non-darurat, jumlah pendamping yang berlebihan, dan usia lanjut), throughput (tingginya pemeriksaan penunjang diagnostik, konsultasi dokter spesialis, kurangnya tempat tidur di IGD), dan output (bed block, keterlambatan transfer pasien). Dampak dari kepadatan pasien di Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) rumah sakit antara lain pelatihan residen menurun, stress dan kelelahan pada tenaga kesehatan, meningkatnya kekerasan terhadap staf di IGD, dan kecemasan pasien. Kepadatan pasien di Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) rumah sakit merupakan masalah kompleks yang perlu ditangani secara sistematis melalui perbaikan manajemen pelayanan, alokasi sumber daya, serta penguatan sistem rujukan dan layanan primer. Studi ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi pengambil kebijakan untuk merumuskan strategi penanggulangan kepadatan Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) di rumah sakit.
The hospital Emergency Department (ED) is a crucial unit that often experiences patient congestion, a condition when the number of patients arriving per unit of time exceeds the capacity of available resources and space. This congestion has an impact on decreasing the quality of service, increasing the risk of patient safety, and increasing the workload of health workers. This study aims to review the factors causing congestion and its impact on the service system in the hospital ED based on a literature review. This study is a literature review study using sources from the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases with a period of 2019–2024. A total of 15 articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Factors causing patient congestion in the hospital ED are classified into three groups: input (non-emergency cases, excessive number of companions, and elderly), throughput (high diagnostic support examinations, specialist doctor consultations, lack of beds in the ED), and output (bed block, delays in patient transfers). The impacts of patient density in the Emergency Department (ED) of hospitals include decreased resident training, stress and fatigue in health workers, increased violence against staff in the ED, and patient anxiety. Patient density in the Emergency Department (ED) of hospitals is a complex problem that needs to be addressed systematically through improving service management, resource allocation, and strengthening the referral system and primary services. This study can be a basis for policy makers to formulate strategies to overcome the density of the Emergency Department (ED) in hospitals
Metode: Tinjauan literature dari studi kuantitatif, kualitatif, campuran danreview dengan menggunakan lima database ilmiah utama (Science Direct, PubMed,DOAJ, SAGE Journals, dan Google Scholar). Kriteria inklusi adalah sebagai berikut:(1) pelayanan telemedicine yang diberikan langsung kepada pasien; 2) semua bentukpelayanan termasuk aplikasi kesehatan; 3) pada studi kuantitatif, terdapat faktor yangmelekat pada intervensi telemedicine yang menunjukkan hasil signifikan atau relevandengan outcome kesehatan; 4) pada studi kualitatif, dibahas secara kritis faktor-faktoryang berhubungan dengan keefektifan implementasi telemedicine. Peneliti kemudianmenelaah studi dan mengekstraksi faktor.
Hasil: Dua puluh delapan dari 15.504 studidimasukkan. Sebagian besar jurnal dipublikasi pada tahun 2014, lebih banyak di negaramaju seperti Amerika Serikat dan Inggris, dan paling banyak menggunakan desainkualitatif. Faktor yang diidentifikasi yaitu faktor teknologi, faktor penerimaan, faktorpembayaran, faktor organisasi, dan faktor kebijakan, kemudian ditambah dengan faktordukungan klinis dan identifikasi kebutuhan. Setelah faktor diidentifikasi, dimasukkangrey literature sebanyak dua puluh empat guna dianalisis faktornya dengan keadaan diIndonesia.
Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini mendukung dan memperkaya penelitian yangsudah ada. Kekuatan penelitian ini adalah memakai semua metodologi penelitian yangada. Selain itu penelitian ini juga menelaah secara dalam untuk mencari faktor-faktor didalam literature. Namun penelitian ini hanya memberikan gambaran faktor, Dalamkaitannya penemuan ini dengan keadaan di Indonesia terdapat beberapa temuan yangpatut dipertimbangkan, terutama faktor kebijakan.
Kata kunci : Berbasis Rumah, Faktor, Kebijakan, Organisasi, Pembiayaan, Penerimaan,Teknologi, Telemedicine, Telehealth
Objective: To provide an overview of the factors related to the effectiveness of servicesusing telemedicine directly from health professional to long-distance patients who arenot carried out in health care facilities.
Methods: Literature review of quantitative,qualitative, mixed and review studies using five major scientific databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, DOAJ, SAGE Journals, and Google Scholar). The inclusion criteriawere as follows: (1) telemedicine services provided directly to patients; 2) all forms ofservices including health applications; 3) in quantitative studies, there are factorsinherent in telemedicine interventions that show significant results or are relevant tohealth outcomes; 4) in a qualitative study, the factors related to the effectiveness oftelemedicine implementation were discussed critically. The researcher then examinesthe study and extracts factors.
Results: Twenty-eight out of 15,504 studies wereincluded. Most of the journals were published in 2014, mostly in developed countriessuch as the United States and United Kingdom, and mostly used qualitative designs.The identified factors are technology factors, acceptance factors, payment factors,organizational factors, and policy factors, then added with clinical support factors andneeds identification. After the factors were identified, twenty-four gray literature wasentered in order to analyze the factors with the conditions in Indonesia.
Conclusion:This research supports and enriches existing research. The strength of this research isthat it uses all available research methodologies. In addition, this research alsoexamines in depth to find factors in the literature. However, this study only provides anoverview of the factors. In relation to this finding with the situation in Indonesia, thereare several findings that should be considered, especially policy factors.
Keywords: Home Based, Factors, Policy, Organization, Financing, Acceptance, Technology, Telemedicine, Telehealth.
