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Kematian pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik (PGK) pada usia dewasa yang menjalankan hemodialisis setelah tiga bulan adalah jarang. Namun, masih mungkin terjadi. Padahal layanan hemodialisis dibutuhkan seumur hidup. Tujuan studi ini adalah engetahui faktor – faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kematian pasien PGK usia dewasa yang menjalankan hemodialisis reguler. Metode yang digunakan adalah kasus kontrol tanpa pencocokkan dengan perbandingan 1:2. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan terhadap kematian adalah riwayat gagal jantung (OR = 2,3; IK 95% = 1,2 – 4,4; nilai p = 0,009), riwayat obstruksi pasca ginjal (OR = 3,5; IK 95% = 1,6 – 7,6; nilai p = 0,002), glukosa sewaktu ≥140 mg/dl (OR = 2,1; IK 95% = 1,2 – 3,6; nilai p = 0,011), Gangguan Ginjal Akut (GGA) (OR = 6,5; IK 95% = 3,8 – 11,1; nilai p = 0,000), dan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) <18,5 kg/mm2 (OR = 3,0; IK 95% = 1,2 – 7,6; nilai p = 0,019).
Faktor – faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kematian pasien PGK pada usia dewasa yang menjalankan hemodialisis reguler adalah riwayat gagal jantung, riwayat obstruksi pasca ginjal, glukosa sewaktu ≥140 mg/dl, GGA, dan IMT <18,5 kg/mm2
Mortality of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients in adults undergoing hemodialysis after three months is rare. However, it is still possible. Even though hemodialysis services are needed for life. The objective of this study is to determine the risk factors associated with the death of adult CKD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis. The study design was unmatched control case with a ratio of 1:2. The statistical test used was logistic regression. Risk factors were history of heart failure (OR = 2.3; CI 95% = 1.2 – 4.4; p value = 0.009), history of obstruction post renal (OR = 3.5; CI 95% = 1.6 – 7.6; p value = 0.002), random glucose ≥140 mg/dl (OR = 2.1; CI 95% = 1.2 – 3.6; p value= 0.011), Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (OR = 6.5; CI 95% = 3.8 – 11.1; p value = 0.000), and Body Mass Index
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem, due to the increasing prevalence and incidence of CKD, poor prognosis, and high treatment costs. The epidemic of tobacco use with its main use being through smoking is one of the biggest public health threats facing the world, including Indonesia. This study aims to determine the relationship between smoking behavior and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the population aged 15 years in Indonesia. Methods: The research was conducted using quantitative methods and a a cross-sectional analytical design. The source of data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018 with a total sample of 324,801 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Based on the results of the analysis, the prevalence of CKD incidence was 0.5% and the proportion of smoking behavior was 15.8% smoked and 1.8% had ever smoked with 14.1% the average cigarette smoked 20 cigarette/days, 14.5% smoked > 10 years, 8.0% were moderate smokers, and 11.0% smoked kretek. There is a significant relationship between smoking status, smoking duration, smoking degree, and type of cigarette with POR = 1.15 (95% CI = 1.02 ? 1.30), POR = 1.30 (95% CI = 1.15 ? 1.48), POR = 1.89 (95% CI = 1.48 ? 2.40), and POR = 1.91 (95% CI = 1.30 ? 2.80), respectively. In addition, several other risk factor variables had a significant relationship, namely age (POR = 2.66, 95% CI = 2.40 ? 2.96), gender (POR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1, 30 ? 1.60), education level (POR = 1.33 95% CI = 1.20 ? 1.48), hypertension (2.43, 95% CI = 2.20 ? 2.69), diabetes mellitus ( POR = 4.2, 95% CI = 3.63 ? 4.93), heart disease (5.28, 95% CI = 4.51 ? 6.17), consumption of energy drinks (POR = 1.51, 95 % CI = 1.07 ? 2.13), and physical activity (POR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.42 ? 1.77). In addition, the modification effect variables (interaction) were identified, namely employment status, diabetes mellitus, and consumption of energy drinks, and confounding variables, namely age and gender. Conclusion: Smoking behavior, especially smoking status, duration of smoking, degree of smoking, and types of cigarettes smoked are important risk factors that need to be considered in preventing and controlling the incidence of CKD.
Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV 2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) has spread worldwide and infected more than 180 million confirmed cases and 3,9 million deaths. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic or mild infection to severe. Previous reports identified that obesity is associated with the condition of a person infected with COVID-19 develop into severe. This study aims at examining the risk of severity COVID-19 associated with obesity Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among COVID-19 patients admitted at the University of Indonesia Hospital in 2020. Patients whose aged 18 or below or pregnant were excluded. Data were obtained from medical records. Cases were selected for the analysis only if the information was completed. There were 725 COVID-19 included for the analysis. We used adjusted PRs (and 95% CI) to estimate the risk of severity of COVID-19 associated with obesity. Results: Of 725 COVID-19 patients, 178 had severe symptoms. Patients with hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and Chronic Kidney Disease were more likely to suffer severe COVID-19 symptoms. After age, gender, diabetes and heart disease were taken into account, obesity was associated with severity of COVID-19 (PR 1.68 and 95% CI: 1,24-2.26). The severity risks COVID-19 associated with obesity were different based on gender (PRs were 1.64, 95% CI: 1,14-2,34 in men and 1.69, 95% CI: 0.99-2.88 in women) and age (PRs were 1.77, 95% CI: 1.07-2.29 among younger age and 1.48, 95% CI: 1.07-2.29 in older age group). Conclusion : Obesity increase the risk for severity of COVID-19. Maintain healthy life style, including routine exercise, choice of healthy food and routine medical checkup may reduce the risk of severity of COVID-19
The increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 and its spread in various countries occurred quite quickly and in a short time. As of May 4, 2021, the total global confirmed cases of COVID-19 were 152,534,452 with 3,198,528 deaths. The Indonesian government has reported 1,682,004 people with confirmed COVID-19, the highest in Southeast Asia. A total of 45,949 COVID-19-related deaths were reported, with a CFR of 2.7%. Deaths from COVID-19 in Indonesia are ranked 2nd in Asia and 17th in the world. A case-control study was conducted using medical records of COVID-19 patients at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital in Medan for the period March 2020-December 2020. This study describes the characteristics and identifies factors associated with death in COVID-19 patients. The results of the study through multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there was an increased risk of death at age 60 years (OR = 5,495, 95% CI: 2,398-12,591), fever (OR = 4,441, 95% CI: 1,401-14,077), shortness of breath. breath (OR=8,310, 95% CI: 3,415-20,220), history of hypertension (OR=2,454, 95% CI: 1.159-5,196), history of chronic kidney disease (OR=10,460 times, 95% CI: 3.282-33,331) history of cancer (OR=16,137, 95% CI: 2,798-96,147) in COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan in 2020
Prevalence diabetes is increasing rapidly especially in low and middle- income countries, one of which is Indonesia. Based on Riskesdas in 2018, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus based on the diagnosis of doctors in the population of all ages by province reaches 1,5%. The incidence rate of kidney disease in the diabetic population does not decrease. Some large cross-sectional studies in the world reveal that the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in people with type 2 diabetes even reaches 50%. Duration suffering diabetes is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease that needs to be considered. This study aims to determine the relationship duration suffering from diabetes with chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. This type of research is quantitative, with cross-sectional study design. This study uses secondary data from the 2018 Riskesdas survey. The number of samples was 639 people, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study. The analysis used cox regression The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia is 17.68%. There was a relationship duration suffering diabetes with chronic kidney disease in patient type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia which is statistically significant with p = 0.0000. So, important to screening mass type 2 diabetes mellitus as early as possible and routine screening kidney function since type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnose by a doctor.
Introduction: Comorbid Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the risk factors for Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) mortality. Aim of this study is to determine the association of comorbid diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 mortality among COVID-19 confirmed cases in DKI Jakarta for period March-August 2020, after being controlled with confounding variables. Methode: The study design is a retrospective cohort. The inclusion criteria are confirmed cases of COVID-19 with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) reported to the DKI Jakarta provincial health office, with complete variables. Exclusion criteria is pregnant women. Of the total 41,008 cases in the Jakarta provincial health office's COVID-19 report, there are 30,641 cases that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 1,480 samples in this study are taken from all (740) COVID-19 cases with comorbid DM and 740 COVID-19 cases without comorbid DM which are taken through simple random sampling of 29,901 COVID-19 cases without comorbid DM. The data were analyzed using cox proportional hazard regression. The study result indicates that the crude association between DM and mortality among COVID-19 confirmed cases is Crude Hazard Ratio (CHR) 7,4 (95% CI 4,5-12,3, pValue < 0,001). While association between DM and mortality among COVID-19 confirmed cases after being controlled by covariates (hypertensive comorbidities and age groups (> 50 years and < 50 years) is 3.9 (95% CI 2.2- 6.8, p Value <0.001), which means that COVID-19 cases with comorbid DM have a 3.9 times risk of death. Discussion: The results of this study are in line with other studies that indicate DM co- morbidities increase the risk of death from COVID-19. To reduce the incidence of death in COVID-19 cases with comorbid DM, a strategy for preventing and treating COVID- 19 with triage and special attention is needed for rapid and prompt management and monitoring for COVID-19 cases with comorbid DM.
