Background: Child stunting is still be a major public health issue in Indonesia, expecially in toddlers (child aged 6-23 months). The prevalence of stunting among toddlers remains relatively high, 18.50%. The annual average rate of reduction (AARR) of stunting has been steadily slow over the last past 10 years. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize the stunting interventions, predominantly during the first 1000 days of life, one of the ways is through the antenatal care. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the quality of antenatal care and the incidence of stunting in children aged 6-23 monts in Indonesia, after being controlled by the other variable, such are; sociodemographic factors, pregnANCy health and child health. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, in which both of the exposures and the outcome are being measured at the same point of time. The data used are from the Indonesi Health Survey in 2023. There are 18.898 children aged 6-23 months were included, whose mothers were not pregnant and had a fulfilled of antenatal care data, in the SKI 2023 instrument. The association analysis was conducted by cog regression while the time-dependent methods and backward elimination were conducted to to control those variables. Findings: Child aged 6-23 monthss old in Indonesia, whose mothers did not receive four visit of antenatal care have a 1.23 times higher risk (aPR = 1.230, 95%CI: 1.111-1.361, p-value 0.000) of experiencing stunting, after controlling for the other covariate variables.   Conclusions: Receiving at least four antenatal care (ANC) visits, and accessing quality ANC services can reduce the risk of stunting among children aged 6-23 months- old in Indonesia.

Stunting merupakan permasalahan malnutrisi yang paling banyak terjadi pada anak berusia di bawah lima tahun. Salah satu faktor yang berhubungan dengan stunting adalah berat badan lahir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara berat badan lahir dengan stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain studi cross-sectional menggunakan data sekunder Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) tahun 2022 dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 87.754 anak. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji Cox Regression Constant Time dengan ukuran asosiasi prevalence ratio (PR) dan interval kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Indonesia tahun 2022 adalah sebesar 20,92% dan prevalensi bayi berat lahir rendah (BBLR) pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Indonesia tahun 2022 adalah sebesar 5,71%.  Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa anak yang memiliki riwayat Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR) memiliki risiko lebih besar untuk mengalami stunting dibandingkan anak yang tidak memiliki riwayat BBLR setelah dikontrol variabel panjang badan lahir dengan besar risiko bergantung pada kelompok usia anak. Pada anak usia 6-11 bulan, riwayat BBLR meningkatkan risiko stunting sebesar 2,10 (APR=2,10, 95% CI 1,89-2,33) setelah dikontrol variabel panjang badan lahir, sedangkan pada anak usia 12-23 bulan, riwayat BBLR meningkatkan risiko stunting sebesar 1,38 (APR=1,38, 95% CI 1,29-1,48) setelah dikontrol variabel panjang badan lahir. Diperlukan upaya pencegahan terjadinya BBLR serta tata laksana dan pemantauan pertumbuhan yang optimal sedini mungkin bagi bayi dengan berat lahir rendah agar risiko stunting dapat diminimalkan.

Stunting is the most common form of malnutrition among children under five years of age. One of the factors associated with stunting is birth weight. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between birth weight and stunting among children aged 6–23 months in Indonesia. This study employed a cross-sectional design using secondary data from the 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI) with a sample size of 87,754 children. Data were analyzed using Cox regression with constant time, using prevalence ratio (PR) as the measure of association, along with a 95% confidence interval. The results showed that the prevalence of stunting among children aged 6–23 months in Indonesia in 2022 was 20.92%, while the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) in the same age group was 5.71%. Multivariate analysis indicated that children with a history of LBW had a higher risk of stunting compared to those without such a history, after adjusting for birth length. Moreover, the magnitude of risk varied by age group. Among children aged 6–11 months, LBW increased the risk of stunting by 2.10 times (APR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.89–2.33), whereas in those aged 12–23 months, the risk increased by 1.38 times (APR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.29–1.48). Preventive measures to reduce the incidence of LBW, along with optimal management and early monitoring of growth in LBW infants, are essential to minimize the risk of stunting.

Indonesia menargetkan penurunan stunting menjadi 14,2% pada 2029. Namun, upaya tersebut masih menghadapi tantangan besar berupa kompleksitas beban ganda malnutrisi serta praktik pemberian makan pada anak usia 6-23 bulan yang belum optimal. Pada tingkat individu, seorang anak bisa mengalami lebih dari satu masalah malnutrisi sekaligus atau disebut dengan malnutrisi ganda. Belum banyak studi yang mengkaji malnutrisi ganda pada tingkat individu di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan praktik pemberian makanan pendamping ASI (MP-ASI) dengan malnutrisi ganda pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dengan data sekunder Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) tahun 2022. Malnutrisi ganda yang dikaji adalah kombinasi stunting-wasting (pendek dan gizi kurang) dan stunting-overweight (pendek dan gizi lebih), sedangkan praktik MP-ASI dikaji berdasarkan indikator Pemberian Makan Bayi dan Anak (PMBA) dari WHO dan UNICEF. Data dari total 69.884 anak dianalisis untuk analisis stunting-wasting dan 72.158 anak untuk analisis stunting-overweight setelah kelengkapan data diperiksa dan nilai ekstrem dikeluarkan. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan regresi logistik ganda untuk mendapatkan nilai adjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan prevalensi stunting-wasting dan stunting-overweight secara berturut-turut sebesar 2,7% dan 0,7%. Sebanyak 50,9% anak memenuhi minimum keragaman makanan, 83,5% anak memenuhi minimum frekuensi makan, 45,3% anak memenuhi standar minimum konsumsi makan, 72,5% anak mengonsumsi ikan, telur, atau daging, 24,9% anak mengonsumsi minuman manis, serta 21,6% anak tidak mengonsumsi buah dan sayur sama sekali. Indikator konsumsi minuman manis serta zero konsumsi buah dan sayur berhubungan signifikan terhadap kedua bentuk malnutrisi ganda. Anak yang tidak mengonsumsi minuman manis memiliki penurunan risiko stunting-wasting sebesar 10% (aPOR: 0,90; 95% CI: 0,81–0,996) dan stunting-overweight sebesar 31% (aPOR: 0,69; 95% CI: 0,57–0,84) dibandingkan anak yang mengonsumsi minuman manis. Anak yang mengonsumsi buah dan sayur memiliki penurunan risiko stunting-wasting sebesar 20% (aPOR: 0,80; 95% CI: 0,71–0,90) dan stunting-overweight sebesar 29% (aPOR: 0,71; 95% CI: 0,57–0,89) dibandingkan anak yang tidak mengonsumsi buah dan sayur sama sekali. Temuan tersebut menekankan pentingnya peningkatan keragaman dan kualitas MP-ASI dan makanan dalam program pemberian makan anak yang dilakukan pemerintah disertai perluasan edukasi dan penguatan sistem label gizi pada minuman manis untuk mencegah malnutrisi ganda pada anak.

Indonesia has targeted a reduction in stunting prevalence to 14,2% in 2029. However, this effort still faces major challenges such as the complexity of the double burden of malnutrition and suboptimal feeding practices during the first 1000 days of life. At individual level, a child can experience more than one malnutrition problem at once, which called the double burden of malnutrition. Limited studies have examined the double burden of malnutrition at individual level in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the association of complementary feeding practices and the double burden of malnutrition among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia. This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the 2022 Indonesia Nutritional Status Survey. The double burden of malnutrition was assessed in forms of coexisting stunting-wasting and stunting-overweight, while complementary feeding practices was measured based on WHO and UNICEF IYCF indicators. A total of 69.884 children were analyzed for stunting-wasting and 72.158 children for stunting-overweight after meeting data completeness and no extreme values. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimated asjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR). This study found the prevalence of stunting-wasting and stunting-overweight was 2.7% and 0.7%, respectively. Among the children, 50.9% met the minimum dietary diversity (MDD), 83.5% met the minimum meal frequency (MMF), 45.3% met the minimum acceptable diet (MAD), 72.5% consumed eggs and flesh foods (EFF), 24.9% consumed sweet beverages (SwB), and 21.6% had zero consumption of fruits and vegetables (ZVF). SwB and ZVF indicators were significantly associated with both forms of the double burden of malnutrition. Children who did not consume sweet beverages had a 10% lower risk of stunting-wasting (aPOR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81–0.996) and a 31% lower risk of stunting-overweight (aPOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57–0.84) compared to children who consume sweet beverages. Meanwhile, children who consumed fruits and vegetables had a 20% lower risk of stunting-wasting (aPOR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71–0.90) and a 29% lower risk of stunting-overweight (aPOR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.57–0.89) than those with zero intake of fruits and vegetables. These findings highlight the importance of improving the diversity and quality of foods provided in government programs, along with strengthening nutrition education and sweet beverages nutrition labeling policies to prevent the double burden of malnutrition among children.

Tuberkulosis Paru merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, dengan insidens yang meningkat. Merokok diketahui menjadi faktor risiko signifikan dalam perkembangan TB Paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara status merokok dengan kejadian TB Paru pada laki-laki usia > 18 tahun di Indonesia menggunakan data Survei Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2023. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dengan pendekatan analisis multivariat untuk mengontrol variabel kovariat seperti usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan, status ekonomi, status gizi, tempat tinggal, dan diabetes mellitus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan antara status merokok dan TB paru, individu yang merokok memiliki hubungan protektif terhadap TB dibandingkan yang tidak merokok dengan POR sebesar 0,68 (95% CI: 0,58–0,75). Konsumsi rokok 1–11 batang per hari memiliki POR sebesar 0,92 (95% CI: 0,76–1,12), sedangkan konsumsi lebih dari 11 batang per hari memiliki POR sebesar 0,70 (95% CI: 0,53–0,93). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa laki-laki yang merokok selama 1–25 tahun memiliki POR sebesar 0,49 (95% CI: 0,39–0,61) dengan p-value = 0,000. Pada perokok dengan durasi lebih dari 25 tahun, hubungan tidak signifikan secara statistik (p-value = 0,593) dengan POR sebesar 1,07 (95% CI: 0,82–1,40), yang menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna dalam peluang kejadian TB Paru dibandingkan yang tidak merokok. Analisis menunjukkan hubungan tidak biasa antara merokok dan TB paru, berbeda dari literatur yang umumnya melaporkan peningkatan risiko pada perokok. Hasil ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti populasi, kualitas data, dan bias informasi, sehingga perlu kehati-hatian dalam interpretasi. Merokok tetap diketahui meningkatkan risiko dan memperburuk progresi TB. 

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health concern in Indonesia, with an increasing incidence rate. Smoking is recognized as a significant risk factor in the development of pulmonary TB. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between smoking status and the incidence of pulmonary TB among males aged >18 years in Indonesia, using data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey. The study employed a cross-sectional design with multivariate analysis to control for covariates such as age, education, occupation, socioeconomic status, nutritional status, residence, and diabetes mellitus. The findings revealed a significant association between smoking status and pulmonary TB. Smokers exhibited a protective relationship against TB compared to non-smokers, with an Adjusted Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR) of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.58–0.75). Smoking 1–11 cigarettes per day had a POR of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.76–1.12), while smoking more than 11 cigarettes per day showed a POR of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.53–0.93). The study also found that males who had smoked for 1–25 years had a POR of 0.49 (95% CI: 0.39–0.61) with a p-value of 0.000. However, for smokers with a duration of more than 25 years, the association was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.593), with a POR of 1.07 (95% CI: 0.82–1.40), indicating no meaningful difference in the likelihood of developing pulmonary TB compared to non-smokers.The analysis revealed an unusual relationship between smoking and pulmonary TB, differing from existing literature, which generally reports an increased risk among smokers. These findings may be influenced by factors such as the study population, data quality, and information bias, warranting caution in interpretation. Despite this, smoking remains a known factor that increases the risk and worsens the progression of TB.