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Menurut World Health Organization (WHO), sekitar 12,2 juta kasus baru stroke terjadi setiap tahun secara global, dan lebih dari 6,5 juta orang meninggal akibat stroke setiap tahunnya. Di Indonesia, berdasarkan hasil Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) tahun 2023, prevalensi stroke pada penduduk usia ≥15 tahun tercatat sebesar 1,32%, dengan proporsi lebih tinggi pada laki-laki dan kelompok usia lanjut. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara hipertensi, diabetes melitus dengan kejadian stroke pada penduduk DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional menggunakan data SKI 2023. Analisis dilakukan dengan regresi logistik multivariat dengan dua pendekatan yaitu, variabel hipertensi self-reported dan menggunakan hasil pengukuran tekanan darah pada 8.942 responden menggunakan pendekatan non-weighted pada multivariat. Hasil multivariat baik pendekatan self- report maupun hasil pengukuran hipertensi menjadi faktor risiko terkuat penyebab stroke dengan (OR = 13,09; 95% CI: 7,06–24,28; p < 0,001) dan (OR = 6,13; 95% CI: 2,62–14,31; p < 0,001), Laki-laki memiliki risiko stroke 2 kali lipat dibanding perempuan (p = 0,005). Usia ≥60 tahun memiliki OR tertinggi yaitu 9,09 (95% CI: 3,38–24,44; p < 0,001). Diabetes hanya signifikan dalam model pengukuran dengan OR = 6,59 (p < 0,001), untuk aktivitas fisik terbukti protektif. Dapat disimpulkan hipertensi baik berdasarkan self-report maupun hasil pengukuran merupakan prediktor kuat kejadian stroke. Aktivitas fisik memiliki efek protektif yang signifikan. Penggunaan data tekanan darah terukur memberikan estimasi risiko yang lebih konservatif namun stabil. Hasil ini menegaskan pentingnya deteksi dini hipertensi dan promosi aktivitas fisik dalam strategi pencegahan stroke.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 12.2 million new cases of stroke occur globally each year, with over 6.5 million deaths attributed to stroke annually. In Indonesia, based on the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI), the prevalence of stroke among individuals aged ≥15 years was recorded at 1.32%, with higher proportions among males and the elderly population. This study aimed to determine the association between hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and stroke among residents of DKI Jakarta. This was an analytical cross-sectional study using SKI 2023 data, involving 8,942 respondents. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted using two approaches: self-reported hypertension and measured blood pressure. Both models were analyzed without weighting. The results showed that hypertension was the strongest risk factor for stroke, both in the self-reported model (OR = 13.09; 95% CI: 7.06–24.28; p < 0.001) and the measured blood pressure model (OR = 6.13; 95% CI: 2.62–14.31; p < 0.001). Males had twice the risk of stroke compared to females (p = 0.005). Individuals aged ≥60 years had the highest risk (OR = 9.09; 95% CI: 3.38–24.44; p < 0.001). Diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with stroke only in the model using measured blood pressure (OR = 6.59; p < 0.001). Physical activity was found to have a significant protective effect. In conclusion, hypertension—both self-reported and based on measured blood pressure is a strong predictor of stroke. Physical activity plays a significant protective role. Using objectively measured blood pressure yields a more conservative but stable risk estimate. These findings underscore the importance of early hypertension detection and the promotion of physical activity in stroke prevention strategies.
Bankground: Cardiovascular disease, including stroke, is a major health problem in the world. Every year, there are more than 13.7 million new cases and 5.5 million deaths from stroke that occur globally. Based on Riskesdas data in 2018, the prevalence of stroke in Indonesia reached 10.9 per mile. In DKI Jakarta Province, the prevalence of stroke based on doctor's diagnosis increased from 9.7 per mile (2013) to 12.2 per mile (2018). Based on IDF data in 2019, the prevalence of diabetes in Indonesia reached 10.7 million cases and made Indonesia the country with the seventh most cases globally. In addition, according to the Health Social Security Administration (BPJS), the funds used for stroke services continued to increase, namely 1.43 trillion (2016), 2.18 trillion (2017) and 2.56 trillion (2018) and decreased to 2. 1 Trillion (2020). Although there is a decline in 2020, stroke is still ranked third as a provider of BPJS social security funds. Diabetes mellitus which is a risk factor for stroke has increased prevalence in DKI Jakarta Province from 2.5% (2013) to 3.4% (2018). Objective: To determine the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and the incidence of stroke in the population aged 18 years. In DKI Jakarta Province in 2018. Methods: The study was conducted with quantitative methods and used an analytical cross-sectional study. The data source used in this study is secondary data from Riskesdas 2018. There are 1,537 samples analyzed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Based on the results of the analysis, the prevalence of stroke was 1.6% and type 2 diabetes mellitus was 7.7%. There is a significant relationship between the variables of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the incidence of stroke. In addition, covariate variables such as age (POR=5.26; 95%CI: 2.28-12.12), occupation (POR=2.63; 95%CI: 1.12-6.19), hypertension ( POR=9.52; 95%CI: 2.83-32.06), and heart disease (POR=5.30; 95%CI: 1.75-16.04) were also significantly associated with the incidence of stroke. Based on the stratification analysis, it was found that the variables that became the interaction effect (modification) were education, hypertension, and heart disease. Meanwhile, the confounding variables were age, education, hypertension, and heart disease. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor to consider in the prevention and control of stroke in Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: Pre hipertensi, Hipertensi, Faktor Risiko
COVID-19 cases can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney failure, and death. The presence of comorbidities are tought to worsen that condition. This study aimed to investigate impact of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to admission to intensive care unit (ICU) among COVID-19 patients in DKI Jakarta. This cross sectional study utilize COVID-19 patients registry data owned by DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office from March to June 2020. Inclusion criteria are aged 18 years old or older, confirmed by positive PCR swab test result, and hospitalized in DKI Jakarta. Exclusion criteria are patients with immunodeficiency condition (HIV, malignancy, in chemotherapy or radiation therapy). Data were analyzed in bivariate and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression by considering covariates (age, sex, working status, number of symptoms, and duration of symptoms). Among 12 699 patients, 6 359 were included. Approximately 623 (9,8%) had hypetension, 421 (6,62%) had diabetes mellitus, and 133 (2,09%) had COPD. Among them, 166 (2,61%) were admitted to ICU. After controlling for covariates, those comorbidities are independently increase risk of ICU admission. The highest risk are found among hypertension patients without diabetes melitus and had more than two symptoms OR 23,98 (95%CI 12,83-44,83) followed by hypertension patients with diabetes melitus and had more than two symptoms OR 16,53 (95%CI 8,76-31,17). COPD patients had risk OR 1,80 (95%CI 0,95-3,40) for ICU admission. In conclusion, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and COPD increase risk of ICU admission among COVID-19 patients in DKI Jakarta.
