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Background: Infant’s survival is still low on Indonesia, it based on high IMR level on Indonesia. IMR on Indonesia is higher compared to other ASEAN country and still on intermediate rock condition and multiplicity among the area, which are 32 per 1000 birth on urban and 52 per 1000 birth on rural. From previous researches which more concentrate on factors relate to infant mortality, and few analyze on infant’s survival age, and not comparing infant’s survival on urban and rural. Objektive: This research’s aim is to describe infant’s survival probability also analyzing faktors relate to infant’s survival on Indonesia and based on the urban and rural area. Methods: This research is using SDKI 2002-2003 data. Cross sectional data on SDKI 2002-2003 can be analyze by survival analyses because it contain time and event information, with survey period from infant’s birth until less than one year age. Sample’s amount 11.588 infant, consist of 4.769 infant on urban and 6.819 infant on rural. Data analysis using survival analysis application with life table and Cox regression also time independent covariate if variabel doesn’t meet proportional hazard ratio assumption. Result: Probability infant’s survival on urban (98,59%) higher than on rural (97,54%). On rural infant’s mortality proportion is twice higher than on urban. Infant’s survival time probability decline on first month age (neonatal mortality), for higher age infant’s survival time probability is still low, but not as low as the first month age. According to the area, on urban infant’s survival time probability is even lower than on rural. Faktors related to infant’s survival time probability on urban are birth weight, breast feeding period, birth assistance and interaction between birth assistance with birth weight after controlled by antenatal service visit frequency faktor, birth weight, birth assistance, birth queue number, breast feeding period, bearing place, birth assistance interaction with breast feeding period after controlled by birth distant faktor and gender. Conclusion: Infant’s survival determinant faktor is infant condition when the baby born, besides the antenatal service visit frequency. As a dominant faktor is breast feeding period. Midwife or birth assistance is a precondition faktors of infant’s weight effect and breast feeding on infant effect to infant survival time. Appropriate intervention is needed for problem that found on each city and rural area. Main intervention effort is increasing early breast feeding as soon as the infant born which also an advantage for lessening birth interval, beside it also improves birth assistance ability on BBLR infant process, and helps mother on breast feeding as soon as the baby born, increase antenatal service coverage, and increase birth delivery coverage by health worker. Keyword: Infant, Infant Survival, Survival Analysis, Rural and Urban, Proportional Hazard Model.
Consistency in condom usage is one of the ways to prevent sexually transmitted infection in key population. The average client of sex services in populations that provides most prostitution service is the Direct Female Sex Workers (DFSW), followed by Indirect Female Sex Workers (IFSW), MSM and IDUs. This study is conducted to identify the association between knowledge of HIV-AIDS, its risks, and its prevention with consistency of condom usage on direct female sex workers in 9 cities in Indonesia. This study used cross sectional study design and used data of IBBS 2013. Population of this study is all of DFSW in 9 cities where the survey is held. Meanwhile, the DFSW taken as samples for this study are 15 years old or above who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The result shows that the prevalence of consistency of condom usage on DFSW in 9 Cities in Indonesia is 36.3% and the prevalence of DFSW which has good knowledge of HIV-AIDS, its risk, and its prevention is 55.9%. The DFSW who has good knowledge of HIV-AIDS, its risk, and its prevention has 1=3.2 time higher chance of consistency in condom usage after the confounding factors are controlled. The confounding factors in association between knowledge of HIV-AIDS, its risk, and its prevention and consistency of condom usage are education (OR=1.732), perception (OR=1.305), number of guest (OR=0.737), condom availability (OR=1.826), free condom access (OR=1.970), and offering condom to guest (OR=31.523). Further study is needed with more factors that determine consistency of condom usage on DFSW. Keyword: Consistency, Condom, Knowledge
Prevalensi diabetes melitus mengalami tren meningkat, baik di tingkat global maupun di
Indonesia. Prevalensi DM berdasarkan pemeriksaan kadar gula darah di Indonesia meningkat dari tahun 2013 (6,9%), 2018 (10,9%), hingga 2023 (11,7%). DM adalah salah satu penyakit tidak menular (PTM) yang bisa dicegah melalui perubahan gaya hidup, salah satunya adalah aktivitas fisik, yang menjadi kunci dalam pencegahan dan pengurangan beban PTM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara aktivitas fisik dengan kejadian DM pada penduduk usia 15 tahun ke atas di Indonesia pada tahun 2023, dengan distratifikasi oleh variabel perancu usia, jenis kelamin, status obesitas, tempat tinggal, status pekerjaan, dan status ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023 dengan desain studi potong lintang. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis univariat, bivariat, dan stratifikasi. Berdasarkan analisis bivariat, aktivitas fisik berhubungan signifikan dengan DM, dengan aktivitas fisik kurang lebih berpeluang (OR=1,36; 95% CI= 1,23 – 1,51) untuk memiliki DM. Variabel perancu usia, jenis kelamin, status obesitas, dan status pekerjaan berhubungan signifikan dengan DM dan digunakan untuk stratifikasi. Setelah distratifikasi, hubungan aktivitas fisik dengan DM tetap signifikan, tetapi nilai OR berbeda berdasarkan modifikasi efek dari variabel usia dan jenis kelamin. Penduduk usia 40 tahun ke atas (OR=1,52; 95% CI= 1,35 – 1,71) lebih berpeluang untuk memiliki DM jika kurang melakukan aktivitas fisik. Upaya intervensi pengelola program kesehatan perlu difokuskan untuk merancang dan mengimplementasikan kebijakan aktivitas fisik dan skrining DM yang komprehensif dengan bekerja sama dengan sektor luar kesehatan dan fokus untuk meningkatkan partisipasi aktivitas fisik pada penduduk berusia 40 tahun ke atas.
There is an upward trend of diabetes mellitus prevalency, both globally and in Indonesia. DM prevalency based on blood glucose examination in Indonesia shows an upward trend, from 2013 (6,9%), 2018 (10,9%), up to 2023 (11,7%). DM is a noncommunicable disease (NCD) that could be prevented by lifestyle change, which one of them is physical activity, a key in NCD prevention and burden reduction. This study aims to identify the association between physical activity and DM in Indonesia’s population aged 15 years and over in 2023, with stratification based on confounding variable age, sex, obesity status, residential area, employment status, and economic status. This study utilizes Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023 data with cross-sectional study design. Univariate, bivariate, and stratification analysis were conducted. Based on bivariate analysis, physical activity is significantly associated with DM, with the less active group having higher odds (OR=1,36; 95% CI= 1,23 – 1,51) for developing DM. Confounding variables age, sex, obesity status, and employment status significantly associated with DM and will be used in stratification. After stratification, the association between physical activity and DM hold its significance, but the OR differs based on effect modification by age and sex variables. Population aged 40 years and over (OR=1,52; 95% CI= 1,35 – 1,71) higher odds to develop DM if they’re physically inactive. Interventions effort made by health program organizer needs to be focused on designing and implementing comprehensive physical activity and DM screening policy with partners outside the health sectors and focusing on increasing participation in physical activity among population aged 40 years and over.
