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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels that can lead to various physiological complications. Based on 2018 Riskesdas data, there is a disparity in Indonesia between the prevalence of DM diagnosed by doctors (2%) and prevalence identified through blood glucose testing (8.5%). This difference suggests a significant number of undiagnosed DM cases. Understanding the factors that influence diabetes diagnosis, especially in specific age groups, can help develop effective prevention and treatment plans. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the risk factors for undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in adults (ages 25-60) in Indonesia in 2018. This study uses a cross-sectional design with secondary data from the 2018 Riskesdas. Data analysis includes univariate analysis with frequency distribution, bivariate analysis with the chi-square test, and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression. The results indicate that out of 24,434 individuals in Indonesia, 9.6% of adults (ages 25-60) have undiagnosed DM. The dominant factor for undiagnosed DM in this population is level of education (AOR =1,224).
Central obesity is a condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the abdomen. Central obesity is associated with the risk of non-communicable diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. The prevalence of central obesity is known to increase in both developed and developing countries. As many as 40.2% of individuals in the world are estimated to have central obesity. Indonesia is a developing country with an increasing prevalence of central obesity with an increase from 2007, 2013, and 2018 according to riskesdas data, respectively, by 18%, 26%, and 31%. The increase in central obesity is associated with economic development and urbanization leading to unfavorable changes in consumption habits of high-calorie foods and sugary drinks, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and stress. Riskesdas 2018 data states that the prevalence of central obesity in urban areas is higher than the national prevalence, which is 35%. This study aims to further analyze the dominant factors in the incidence of central obesity in the population aged 25-64 years in urban areas of Indonesia. There were 194,049 riskesdas 2018 respondents who were involved in this study. Data analysis used chi-square bivariate test and multiple logistic regression multivariate test on the applicationThe results showed that there were 15 variables that were significantly associated with the incidence of central obesity, including: age, gender, education level, employment status, emotional mental health, consumption of sweet foods, sugary drinks, fatty foods, soft drinks, fruit and vegetable consumption, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and smoking habits (p-value <0,05). Female gender is known as the dominant factor in the incidence of central obesity in the population aged 25-64 years in urban areas of Indonesia (p-value 0,0005). The OR of the incidence of central obesity was 4.06 (95%CI: 3,947-4,175) higher in the female respondent group, after being controlled by other variables. Thus, people in urban areas, especially women, are urged to increase awareness regarding central obesity. The public is encouraged to reduce the consumption of risky foods, do exercise regularly, avoid stress, and avoid smoking and alcohol consumption. Health agencies are expected to help the community by providing nutrition education and promotion of health related to central obesity.
Latar Belakang: Hipertensi merupakan faktor risiko utama penyakit kardiovaskular yang kini semakin banyak ditemukan pada kelompok usia muda. Prevalensi hipertensi yang tinggi pada penduduk usia 15–24 tahun menimbulkan tantangan baru dalam upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit tidak menular di Indonesia. Faktor-faktor biologis, sosial, dan psikologis (biopsikososial) diduga berperan dalam peningkatan kejadian hipertensi pada kelompok usia ini.
Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-faktor biopsikososial dengan kejadian hipertensi pada penduduk usia 15–24 tahun di Indonesia.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kuantitatif dengan desain potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder dari Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) tahun 2023. Analisis dilakukan terhadap 20.333 responden berusia 15–24 tahun dengan menggunakan analisis univariat, bivariat (uji chi-square), dan multivariat (regresi logistik berganda).
Hasil: Prevalensi hipertensi berdasarkan pengukuran tekanan darah pada penduduk usia 15–24 tahun sebesar 9,25%. Faktor biologis seperti usia (OR=1,44; CI 95%: 1,3–1,5), jenis kelamin laki-laki (OR=1,36; CI 95%: 1,3–1,4) dan status gizi lebih(OR=2,5; CI 95%: 2,3–2,6) secara signifikan berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi. Faktor sosial seperti status menikah (OR=1,2; CI 95%: 1,1–1,3) memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan hipertensi . Faktor psikologis yang signifikan konsumsi makanan asin. (OR=1,1; CI 95%: 1,0–1,2). Faktor yang paling dominan adalah status gizi lebih.
Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor biopsikososial dengan kejadian hipertensi pada penduduk usia 15–24 tahun khususnya status gizi lebih. Intervensi kesehatan masyarakat yang menyasar aspek gaya hidup sehat, deteksi dini, serta pendekatan lintas sektor diperlukan untuk menurunkan angka kejadian hipertensi pada kelompok usia muda di Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: hipertensi, biopsikososial, remaja, dewasa muda, SKI 2023, Indonesia
Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is increasingly prevalent among young age groups. The high prevalence of hypertension among individuals aged 15–24 years presents new challenges in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in Indonesia. Biological, social, and psychological (biopsychosocial) factors are suspected to contribute to the rise in hypertension cases in this age group. Objective: To examine the relationship between biopsychosocial factors and the incidence of hypertension among individuals aged 15–24 years in Indonesia. Methods: This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design using secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia, SKI). Analysis was conducted on 20,333 respondents aged 15–24 years using univariate, bivariate (chi-square test), and multivariate (multiple logistic regression) methods. Results: The prevalence of hypertension based on blood pressure measurements among individuals aged 15–24 years was 9.25%. Biological factors such as age (OR=1.44; 95% CI: 1.3–1.5), male gender (OR=1.36; 95% CI: 1.3–1.4), and overweight nutritional status (OR=2.5; 95% CI: 2.3–2.6) were significantly associated with hypertension. Social factors such as marital status (OR=1.2; 95% CI: 1.1–1.3) also showed a significant association. Among psychological factors, high salt intake was significantly associated (OR=1.1; 95% CI: 1.0–1.2). The most dominant factor was overweight nutritional status. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between biopsychosocial factors and the incidence of hypertension among individuals aged 15–24 years, particularly overweight status. Public health interventions focusing on healthy lifestyle promotion, early detection, and multisectoral approaches are essential to reduce the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia's young population. Keywords: hypertension, biopsychosocial, adolescents, young adults, SKI 2023, Indonesia
The prevalence of anemia in children in Indonesia, based on data from Indonesia Based Health Research in 2013, was 28.1%. This figure increased from the previous year in 2007 which was only 27.7%. Then it increased again in 2018 at riskesdas showing the figure of 38.5%. Research results Zuffo et al., 2016); Prieto-Patron et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Woldie, Kebede and Tariku, 2015; Konstantyner, Roma Oliveira and De Aguiar Carrazedo Taddei, 2012 showed that the group at higher risk for anemia was aged 0-23 months. Research in Bali in 2019 also showed the same results that as many as 71% of children under two years of age suffer from anemia, while only 9% of children aged over two years suffer from anemia. For this reason, this research needs to be carried out in order to know the factors associated with the incidence of anemia in under-two in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia in under-two in Indonesia and the factors associated with the incidence of anemia in under-two in Indonesia. This study uses secondary data from Indonesia Based Health Research 2018. The research design used is cross-sectional with a total of 832 children as respondents. This study also conducted a multivariate test, namely logistic regression, to determine the dominant factor in the incidence of anemia in children under two in Indonesia. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the prevalence of anemia in under-two reaches 54.9%. In this study, children aged 0-11 months [OR 1.770 (1.33-2.34)], nutritional status wasting [OR 1.626 (1.03-2.55)], nutritional status underweight [OR 1.556 (1.05 -2.33)], low maternal education [OR 2.512 (1.39-4.54)], secondary maternal education [OR 1.893(1.07-3.32)], and rural area of residence [OR 1.386 (1.05-1.82)] was found to be significantly associated with the incidence of anemia in under-two. The most dominant variable found was the children age. Therefore, it is recommended for health offices in Indonesia to overcome anemia, it is hoped that posyandu and puskesmas can detect anemia in children as early as possible, namely in the age range of 3-5 months, or at least according to the recommendation for the first screening for anemia, namely, at a maximum age of 9-12 month. Also, it is expected to provide adequate and adequate supplementation for both children and pregnant women.
