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Kata kunci: Skizofrenia, kasus kontrol, Kabupaten Bogor
Schizophrenia is a a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects thinking, feeling, and behavior of a person. In Indonesia, the prevalence of schizophrenia is 1.7 per 1,000 populations. The number of visits of mental disorders in puskesmas of Bogor Regency has increased significantly from 1,648 to 13,390 in 2013-14. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with schizophrenia in Bogor Regency 2017. An unmatched case-control was conducted in 63 health centers of Bogor regency from May-June 2017. Cases were schizophrenic patient aged 15-50 years diagnosed by physicians/specialists and recorded in the register of Bogor district health centers in 2017. Controls were the healthy people aged 15-50 and domiciled in Bogor Regency. A total of 229 cases and 229 controls were selected by multistage sampling technique. Probability proportional to size was usedto determine the number of samples from each puskesmas. A pre-tested semi structured questionnaires was used to collect relevant data from controls and one of the family members of cases. Chi square test and multivariate logistic regression were applied for data analysis. Folowing factors were associated with schizophrenia: male gender (AdjOR: 11.68; 95% CI: 4.96 -27.50), family history of schizophrenia (AdjOR: 4.02; 95 %CI: 1,90-8,48), basic education (AdjOR: 30.63; 95%CI: 4.21-222.81), secondary education (AdjOR: 25.35; 95% CI: 3.51-182.90), unemployed (AdjOR: 5.6; 95 %CI 2,52-12,45), unmarried (AdjOR: 10,20; 95%CI 2,52-12,45), problems in the family (AdjOR: 4.93; 95%CI 2.43-9.99) and problems at work / school (AdjOR: 32.60; 95%CI 7.29 - 145.76). In the study setting, biological (male and family history of schizophrenia),sociodemographic (low level of education, unemployment and unmarried) and environmental factors (problems in family, workplaceor school) were associated with schizophrenia. Prospective analytical studies are needed to further explore these associations.
Keywords: Schizophrenia, case control, Bogor district
Untuk mengevaluasi terhadap penerapan clinical pathway bagi pasien skizofrenia di Rumah Sakit Jiwa dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat Lawang, dilakukan penelitian menggunakan desain cross-sectional retrospektif dengan pengambilan sampel berdasarkan proporsi kejadian variabel yang diukur. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah indikator kejadian percobaan bunuh diri menurun dari 6% menjadi 2% (p= 0,097). Indikator kejadian pasien lari 6% vs 5% (p = 0,756). Kejadian pasien jatuh menurun dari 2% menjadi nol (p= 0,155). Indikator kejadian pasien yang difiksasi satu kali menurun dari 26% menjadi 12%, sedangkan pasien yang difiksasi lebih dari satu kali menurun dari 12% menjadi 10% (p = 0,028). Indikator kejadian infeksi nosokomial akibat scabies terdapat peningkatan bermakna dari tidak ada kasus menjadi 19% (p = 0,001). Tidak ada kejadian infeksi nosokomial akibat luka fiksasi. Kejadian re-hospitalisasi sebanyak satu kali mengalami penurunan sesudah penerapan clinical pathway sebanyak 7% (26% menjadi 19%). Kejadian re-hospitalisasi lebih dari satu kali meningkat sebesar 42% (10% menjadi 52%). Interval re-hospitalisasi kurang dari satu bulan menurun dari 2% menjadi 1%. Rata-rata lama rawat menurun dari 80,8 menjadi 59,16 (p = 0,04). Sedangkan indikator kepuasan pelanggan terdapat kecenderungan terjadi peningkatan setelah penerapan clinical pathway, namun pada tahun 2011 terdapat tren yang menurun. Saran: perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang adanya faktor-faktor selain clinical pathway, yang berpengaruh terhadap perubahan tingkat keselamatan pasien, re-hospitalisasi, efektivitas pelayanan, serta perlunya revisi formulir clinical pathway.
This study was conducted to evaluate the implementation of clinical pathway for patients with schizophrenia in the Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat Mental Hospital. This research used cross-sectional design with retrospective sampling events based on the proportion of measured variables. We found that the incidence of suicide attempts decreased from 6% to 2% (p = 0.097). There was no different of run away event ( 6% vs 5%; p = 0.756). The incidence of patient fell decreased from 2% into zero (p = 0.155). The events of one-time fixation decreased from 26% to 12%, while patients who got more than once fixation declined from 12% to 10% (p = 0.028). The incidence of nosocomial infection scabies increased to 19% (p = 0.001). There was no wound infections from fixation events. The incidence of re-hospitalization, one-time decreased after the implementation of clinical pathways as much as 7% (26% to 19%). But the incidence of rehospitalization for more than one time increased by 42% (10% to 52%). The average length of stay decreased from 80.8 to 59.16 (p = 0,04). In term of customer satisfaction, there was a tendency an increase after the implementation of clinical pathways, but in 2011 there was a downward trend. The study suggest to asses factor beside clinical pathways that influence patient safety, rehospitalized, care of effectivenes and review the clinical pathway form.
Background: Schizophrenia is a disease that experiences one or more abnormal functions that interfere with a person's autonomy in work, education, social relations, and self-reliant life. People with schizophrenia disease are candidates for psychosocial rehabilitation. One of the services in RS. Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Bogor is a psychosocial rehabilitation service. Objectives: Assessing the quality impact of psychosocial rehabilitation services on the performance of personal and social functions in schizophrenia patients in Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Bogor Hospital in 2020. Method: Combination Research namely quantitative and qualitative research that begins with quantitative research of 39 patients according to the criteria of inclusion and continued with qualitative research by conducting in-depth interviews, and observation of psychosocial rehabilitation services. Hypotheses Data with bivariate relationship tests. Results: There are significantly related to CI 95% are age, education, relapse frequency, tangibles, reliabelity, responsiveness, assurance and Emphaty. Conclusion: Good quality of service can change the performance capacity of personal and social functions schizophrenia patients and advised to the installation of psychosocial rehabilitation to improve the competence of nurses and other staff with education and training, improvement of facilities and infrastructure, and increase cooperation and coordination with cross-sector.
Latar Belakang: Pada tahun 2018, menurut Riset Kesehatan Dasar kejadian skizofrenia/psikosis di Indonesia sebesar 6,7/1000 rumah tangga. Artinya, dari 1.000 rumah tangga terdapat 6,7 rumah tangga yang mempunyai anggota rumah tangga (ART) pengidap skizofrenia/psikosis. Skizofrenia memengaruhi sekitar 24 juta orang atau 1 dari 300 orang (0,33%) di seluruh dunia (WHO, 2022). Tahun 2021, Orang dengan skizofrenia (ODS) mempunyai angka yang paling tinggi diantara orang dengan gangguan jiwa (ODGJ) lainnya di Provinsi Gorontalo yakni 1497 dari jumlah total 1834 ODGJ (81,62%). Begitu pula dengan jumlah ODS di Kota Gorontalo, yakni 201 dari jumlah 250 ODGJ (80,4%). Berdasarkan data di atas maka peneliti ingin mengetahui, gambaran karakteristik ODS dan hubungan antara karakteristik ODS dengan kualitas hidup ODS. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional yang didahului dengan studi systematic review. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ODS di Kota Gorontalo dengan jumlah 201 ODS. Metode pengambilan sampel adalah total sampling (seluruh anggota populasi) yang kemudian diperoleh berdasarkan kriteria inklusi, dan pengecualian bagi ODS meninggal, pindah alamat, dan tidak terdeteksi lagi keberadaannya oleh pihak Puskesmas sehingga jumlah sampel adalah 121 ODS. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk pengukuran kualitas hidup adalah WHOQOL-BREF. Hasil: Studi Systematic review menunjukkan bahwa didapatkan artikel penelitian sebelumnya tentang faktor yang berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup ODS yang akan dijadikan dasar untuk melakukan penelitian di Kota Gorontalo. Studi cross sectional menunjukkan bahwa pada pemodelan akhir multivariat menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup ODS yaitu status pernikahan (p=0,027), pendidikan (p=0,008) dan pendapatan (p=0,002). Variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup ODS adalah pendapatan. ODS yang yang tidak memiliki pendapatan berisiko 4,66 kali untuk memiliki kualitas hidup buruk dibandingkan ODS yang memiliki pendapatan setelah dikontrol oleh variabel pendidikan dan status pernikahan (aOR=4,66 95% CI 1,71-12,58). Kesimpulan: Variabel Pendidikan, pernikahan dan pendapatan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kualitas hidup ODS di Kota Gorontalo. Sedangkan Variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup ODS di Kota Gorontalo adalah variabel pendapatan. Saran: Pengembangan program pemberdayaan ekonomi untuk ODS, seperti dukungan keuangan dan pelatihan mengenai cara meningkatkan pendapatan, tidak hanya ditujukan untuk ODS, tetapi juga untuk seluruh elemen masyarakat yang membutuhkan. Pemberian santunan yang rutin setiap bulan untuk ODS yang tidak punya pendapatan.
Background: In 2018, according to the Basic Health Research, the incidence of schizophrenia/psychosis in Indonesia was 6.7/1000 households. This means that out of 1,000 households, there are 6.7 households that have household members with schizophrenia/psychosis. Schizophrenia affects around 24 million people or 1 in 300 people (0.33%) worldwide (WHO, 2022). In 2021, people with schizophrenia had the highest in people with mental disorders in Gorontalo Province, namely 1497 out of a total of 1834 people with other mental disorders (81.62%). Likewise, the number of people with schizophrenia in Gorontalo City is 201 out of a total of 250 people with other mental disorders (80.4%). Based on the data above, the researcher wants to know the description of the characteristics of people with schizophrenia and the relationship between the characteristics of people with schizophrenia and the quality of life of people with schizophrenia. Method: The research design was cross-sectional which was preceded by a systematic review study. The population in this study were all the people with schizophrenia in Gorontalo City with a total of 201 people with schizophrenia. The sampling method was total sampling (all members of the population) which was then obtained based on inclusion criteria, and exceptions for people with schizophrenia who died, moved address, and were no longer detected by the Health Center so that the number of samples was 121 people with schizophrenia. The instrument used to measure quality of life was WHOQOL-BREF. Results: Systematic review study showed that previous research articles were obtained on factors related to the quality of life of people with schizophrenia which will be used as a basis for conducting research in Gorontalo City. Cross-sectional study showed that in the final multivariate modeling showed that the variables related to the quality of life of people with schizophrenia were marital status (p = 0.027), education (p = 0.008) and income (p = 0.002). The most dominant variable related to the quality of life of people with schizophrenia was income. The people with schizophrenia who did not have income were 4.66 times more at risk of having a poor quality of life compared to the people with schizophrenia who had income after being controlled by education and marital status variables (aOR = 4.66 95% CI 1.71-12.58). Conclusion: The variables of education, marriage and income have a significant relationship with the quality of life of People with schizophrenia in Gorontalo City. While the most dominant variable related to the quality of life of People with schizophrenia in Gorontalo City is the income variable. Recommendation: Development of economic empowerment programs for people with schizophrenia, such as financial support and training on how to increase income, is not only aimed at people with schizophrenia, but also at all elements of society in need. Regular monthly assistance for ODS who have no income.
