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Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a serious public health problem in the world. Diabetes mellitus is also the main cause of morbidity, mortality, disability, and economic loss all over the world include development countries. The research objective is to estimate the diabetes mellitus prevalence, risk factors, and prediction model in urban areas of Indonesia. By analyzed The Indonesia Basic Health Research Survey 2007 that consist of 19,960 respondents aged above 15 years old who had Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Only 18,746 respondents had been analyzed. Logistic regression with two stage design sampling was used to analyze the data.
Latar belakang: Diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2 merupakan penyakit tidak menular dengan beban kesehatan tertinggi di Indonesia, dengan prevalensi yang meningkat hampir dua kali lipat dalam satu dekade, dari 6,9% (2013) menjadi 11,7% (2023), serta menempatkan Indonesia sebagai negara dengan jumlah penderita diabetes tertinggi kelima di dunia (20,4 juta jiwa pada 2024). Penderita DM tipe 2 menghadapi risiko tiga kali lebih tinggi mengalami penyakit kardiovaskular dan sepuluh kali lebih tinggi mengalami penyakit ginjal, dengan beban biaya komplikasi yang mencakup sekitar 74% dari total biaya medis langsung yang ditanggung BPJS Kesehatan. Efektivitas program pencegahan seperti Prolanis sangat bergantung pada pemahaman mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempercepat terjadinya komplikasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kesintasan komplikasi pasien DM tipe 2 peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) beserta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan Data Sampel BPJS Kesehatan tahun 2020 dengan desain studi kohort tertutup retrospektif dan masa pengamatan pada 2020—2025. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan metode Kaplan-Meier dan uji Cox Proportional Hazard. Hasil: Dari 2.704 pasien DM tipe 2 yang diikutsertakan, terdapat 54,1% kejadian komplikasi, dengan 4-year survival rate sebesar 0,473 (95% CI: 0,45–0,49) dan median time-to-event 3,639 tahun. Pada faktor sosiodemografi, faktor usia saat diagnosis secara signifikan memengaruhi survival rate (p = 0,041) walau perlu diinterpretasikan dengan kehati-hatian. Pada faktor klinis, pasien DM tipe 2 dengan hipertensi (p < 0,0001) dan dislipidemia (p < 0,0001) secara signifikan memiliki 4-year survival rate lebih rendah. Berdasarkan analisis multivariat, faktor yang secara signifikan mempercepat kejadian komplikasi hipertensi (aHR=1,370; 95% CI: 1,231–1,525), dislipidemia (aHR=1,522; 95% CI: 1,363–1,647), sedangkan berumur ≥65 saat diagnosis (aHR=0,868; CI: 0,771 – 0,978) merupakan faktor protektif. Kesimpulan: Kesintasan komplikasi pasien DM tipe 2 peserta JKN di Indonesia masih tergolong rendah, dengan hipertensi dan dislipidemia sebagai determinan utama. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian komorbiditas secara komprehensif, salah satunya melalui optimalisasi stratifikasi risiko dalam program Prolanis. Kata kunci: Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2, Analisis Kesintasan, Komplikasi, Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), Data Sampel BPJS Kesehatan
Maternal mental health problem is a major challenge in global public health problems. Women are generally more at risk for depression during pregnancy because of hormonal changes and their role changes in life. Untreated antenatal depression can increase the risk of postpartum depression and other complications for both mother and baby. Some symptoms of antenatal depression are similar to discomfort in pregnancy experienced by pregnant women so that these symptoms are often considered as normal discomfort in pregnancy. The absence of depression screening assessment instruments in pregnancy also makes mental health services for pregnant women not performed by midwives when conducting antenatal care in primary health facilities. This study aims to design an antenatal depression detection system in website-based mental health services for pregnant women. This research was conducted at the UPT Puskesmas Rawat Inap Panjang Bandar Lampung using a prototyping system development method. The results of this study indicate that mental health services for pregnant women have not been carried out in integrated antenatal care services. The final result of this research is a prototype of an information system that is able to detect the risk of depression in pregnant women and assess the risk factors that might be the cause of depression in pregnant women. By knowing these risk factors, midwives can provide appropriate interventions in reducing antenatal depression.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that can be treated, and its consequences can be prevented or delayed through proper diet, physical activity, medication, as well as regular screening and treatment of complications. However, this disease is often diagnosed several years after onset, by which time complications and comorbidities may have developed, making it one of the top 10 causes of hospitalizations. This study aims to determine the effect of severity and comorbidity on the length of hospital stay among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in advanced referral health facilities (FKRTL) among BPJS Kesehatan participants in 2023, controlled for variables such as FKRTL type, FKRTL ownership, segmentation, care class, age, and gender. This research used 2023 BPJS Kesehatan sample data with a cross-sectional study design. The analysis included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between severity and length of stay (p-value = 0.001), while comorbidities were not significantly associated with length of stay (p-value = 0.285). Moderate to severe severity and comorbidities with a CCI score of ≥1 were associated with a higher risk of prolonged hospitalization and a lower risk of short hospitalization compared to the ideal length of stay (RRR = 4.95; 95% CI = 0.82–29.85; RRR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.29–0.72 | RRR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.25–4.92; RRR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.41–1.10). Multivariate analysis controlling for FKRTL type, FKRTL ownership, segmentation, care class, age, and gender showed that the association between severity and length of stay remained significant after controlling for FKRTL type and FKRTL ownership, while the association between comorbidity and length of stay remained insignificant even after adjusting for control variables. Efforts to enhance clinical early detection programs for the severity level and comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus are necessary to prevent prolonged hospital stays due to complications and disease severity, which contribute to a significant healthcare burden.
